Week 2- Conditions affecting the Aqueous, Vitreous and Retina

Question 1

What is glaucoma

Answer 1

An ocular disorder characterized by increased intraocular pressure causing optic nerve degeneration and potential blindness

Question 2

What are two primary types of glaucoma in dogs

Answer 2

Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma PACG and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma POAG

Question 3

What is more common in dogs primary or secondary glaucoma

Answer 3

Secondary glaucoma

Question 4

Which dog breeds are predisposed to PACG

Answer 4

English Cocker Spaniel English Springer Spaniel Welsh Springer Spaniel Basset Hound Labrador Retriever Golden Retriever Siberian Husky

Question 5

Which dog breeds are predisposed to POAG

Answer 5

Norwegian Elkhound Beagle Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen

Question 6

Name three causes of secondary glaucoma

Answer 6

Lens luxation uveitis hyphema

Question 7

What is a key clinical feature of acute glaucoma

Answer 7

Episcleral congestion corneal oedema mydriasis optic nerve swelling pain

Question 8

Name three signs of chronic glaucoma

Answer 8

Haab’s striae buphthalmos optic nerve atrophy

Question 9

Which diagnostic techniques are used for glaucoma

Answer 9

Tonometry fundoscopy gonioscopy electroretinogram ERG

Question 10

What is the first-line glaucoma treatment for dogs

Answer 10

Latanoprost Xalatan drops

Question 11

Which glaucoma medication is contraindicated in lens luxation and uveitis in dogs

Answer 11

Latanoprost Xalatan

Question 12

Name a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor commonly used in veterinary glaucoma treatment

Answer 12

Dorzolamide Trusopt

Question 13

Why should beta blockers timolol be avoided in feline glaucoma

Answer 13

Causes miosis aggravates pupil block glaucoma and provides no added benefit

Question 14

Why are prostaglandin analogues avoided in cats

Answer 14

Less effective in lowering intraocular pressure in cats

Question 15

What surgery could be performed for blind painful glaucoma eyes

Answer 15

Enucleation

Question 16

What is Persistent Hyaloid Artery

Answer 16

Congenital defect due to the failure of embryonic vascular supply of the lens to regress

Question 17

Which breeds are commonly affected by Persistent Hyaloid Artery

Answer 17

Doberman Sussex Spaniel

Question 18

What condition can Persistent Hyaloid Artery cause

Answer 18

Focal posterior cataracts

Question 19

What is PHPV/PHTVL

Answer 19

Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous or Persistent Hyperplastic Tunica Vasculosa Lentis congenital defect of embryonic lens vascular supply

Question 20

What are vitreal opacities

Answer 20

Opacifications within the vitreous body including asteroid hyalosis synchisis scintillans and hyalitis

Question 21

How does asteroid hyalosis appear clinically

Answer 21

Whitish refractile bodies suspended in the vitreous do not settle if shaken

Question 22

What is retinal dysplasia

Answer 22

Congenital malformation of the retina resulting in folds or detachment

Question 23

What is Collie Eye Anomaly CEA

Answer 23

A recessive hereditary condition causing choroidal hypoplasia and optic nerve coloboma in Collie breeds

Question 24

At what age is Collie Eye Anomaly typically diagnosed

Answer 24

6 to 8 weeks of age

Question 25

Name two breeds commonly affected by multifocal retinal dysplasia

Answer 25

Spaniels Labradors

Question 26

What is Progressive Retinal Atrophy PRA

Answer 26

Hereditary progressive degeneration of rods and cones causing blindness

Question 27

What is the common first clinical sign of PRA

Answer 27

Night blindness nyctalopia

Question 28

What are four fundoscopic signs of advanced PRA

Answer 28

Tapetal hyperreflectivity blood vessel attenuation pigmentary changes optic nerve atrophy

Question 29

Is there a treatment for PRA

Answer 29

No effective treatment available supportive management only

Question 30

Which breeds commonly suffer late-onset PRA

Answer 30

Poodles Spaniels Labradors

Question 31

What breeds experience early-onset PRA

Answer 31

Irish Setters

Question 32

Name a nutritional supplement that might slow retinal degeneration in PRA

Answer 32

Ocuglo antioxidant

Question 33

How is PRA prevented

Answer 33

BVA or KC Eye Testing Scheme and genetic screening

Question 34

What are the two forms of feline PRA in Abyssinians

Answer 34

Rod-cone dysplasia autosomal dominant and rod-cone degeneration autosomal recessive

Question 35

At what age are Abyssinians typically blind from rod-cone dysplasia

Answer 35

Around one year

Question 36

What is retinal detachment

Answer 36

Separation of neurosensory retina from retinal pigment epithelium

Question 37

Name three causes of retinal detachment

Answer 37

Trauma vitreal traction bands serous effusions

Question 38

How is retinal detachment diagnosed

Answer 38

Ophthalmoscopy ultrasound

Question 39

What is hypertensive retinopathy

Answer 39

Retinal damage and detachment due to systemic hypertension

Question 40

Name two common causes of secondary hypertensive retinopathy in animals

Answer 40

Chronic kidney disease hyperthyroidism

Question 41

Which medication is primary therapy for hypertensive retinopathy

Answer 41

Amlodipine calcium channel blocker

Question 42

What systemic conditions should be screened if hypertensive retinopathy is suspected

Answer 42

Blood pressure kidney function thyroid levels

Question 43

What is Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration SARD

Answer 43

Idiopathic acute onset blindness with normal initial fundoscopic examination

Question 44

Which signalment is common for SARD

Answer 44

Middle-aged mildly overweight female dogs

Question 45

How is SARD definitively diagnosed

Answer 45

Flatline electroretinogram ERG

Question 46

Is there an effective treatment for SARD

Answer 46

No reliable treatment is currently available

Question 47

What is enrofloxacin toxicity in cats

Answer 47

Dose-related retinal degeneration and blindness from doses over 5 mg per kg per day

Question 48

What is optic neuritis

Answer 48

Inflammation of the optic nerve leading to blindness

Question 49

Name two infectious causes of optic neuritis

Answer 49

Canine distemper toxoplasmosis

Question 50

What is the first-line treatment for optic neuritis

Answer 50

High-dose corticosteroids prednisolone

Question 51

What is chorioretinitis

Answer 51

Inflammation involving choroid and retina often related to systemic diseases

Question 52

How does active chorioretinitis appear on fundic exam

Answer 52

Exudative lesions causing tapetal hyporeflectivity dullness

Question 53

How does inactive chorioretinitis appear on fundic exam

Answer 53

Focal retinal degeneration with tapetal hyperreflectivity

Question 54

What are two systemic diseases that might cause chorioretinitis

Answer 54

Infectious diseases systemic hypertension

Question 55

What is retinal haemorrhage

Answer 55

Bleeding within the retinal layers or under the retina often indicating systemic or ocular disease

Question 56

Name two systemic conditions associated with retinal haemorrhage

Answer 56

Thrombocytopenia systemic hypertension

Question 57

Which clotting disorder could cause retinal haemorrhage

Answer 57

Von Willebrand’s disease

Question 58

How is retinal haemorrhage diagnosed

Answer 58

Thorough ophthalmic and systemic examination blood tests and fundoscopy

Question 59

What diagnostic test helps distinguish optic nerve damage from retinal disease

Answer 59

Electroretinogram ERG

Question 60

Why perform gonioscopy in glaucoma cases

Answer 60

To assess iridocorneal drainage angle obstruction