Week 9- Dystocia 1 and 2

Question 1

What is the first stage of labour in parturition

Answer 1

Cervical dilation and onset of myometrial contractions

Question 2

What is the second stage of labour

Answer 2

Onset of abdominal contractions and foetal expulsion

Question 3

What is the third stage of labour

Answer 3

Expulsion of the placenta

Question 4

What is the typical duration of first stage labour in cattle

Answer 4

6 to 24 hours

Question 5

What behavioural signs are seen in first stage labour in sheep

Answer 5

Standing lying pawing at ground and seeking shelter

Question 6

What is primary uterine inertia

Answer 6

Failure of uterine contraction due to metabolic physical or hormonal causes

Question 7

What is the most common cause of primary uterine inertia in ruminants

Answer 7

Hypocalcaemia

Question 8

What are clinical signs of hypocalcaemia related dystocia

Answer 8

Relaxed uterus no abdominal effort recumbency S bend in neck and dry faeces

Question 9

What is secondary uterine inertia

Answer 9

Myometrial exhaustion following prolonged or obstructive labour

Question 10

How is hypocalcaemia treated in dystocia cases

Answer 10

IV or SC calcium or calcium bolus before calving

Question 11

What is foeto maternal disproportion

Answer 11

Mismatch between size of calf and birth canal resulting in obstructive dystocia

Question 12

What are maternal causes of foeto maternal disproportion

Answer 12

Small pelvis soft tissue restriction or excessive fat deposition

Question 13

What are foetal causes of foeto maternal disproportion

Answer 13

Foetal oversize monsters or overnutrition

Question 14

What are clinical signs of foetal oversize

Answer 14

Unproductive traction crossed front legs and inability to pass through pelvis

Question 15

What are management options for foetal oversize

Answer 15

Controlled traction or caesarean section

Question 16

What is uterine torsion

Answer 16

Twisting of the uterus leading to obstructed labour and failure to progress

Question 17

What are clinical signs of uterine torsion

Answer 17

Arched back wide stance corkscrew vagina and crossed broad ligaments on rectal exam

Question 18

What are non surgical treatments for uterine torsion

Answer 18

Rolling Schaffers method or GynStick torsion bar

Question 19

What surgical treatment is used for uterine torsion

Answer 19

Caesarean section after correcting the torsion

Question 20

What is ringwomb

Answer 20

Incomplete cervical dilation typically in sheep

Question 21

What are risk factors for ringwomb

Answer 21

Vaginal prolapse uterine inertia oestrogenic plants and sporadic causes

Question 22

How is ringwomb managed

Answer 22

Digital dilation or caesarean section if cervix fails to dilate

Question 23

What are clinical signs of vaginal prolapse

Answer 23

Prolapse appears when lying disappears when standing and straining near lambing

Question 24

What are risk factors for vaginal prolapse

Answer 24

High BCS multiple foetuses hypocalcaemia steep grazing and short docking

Question 25

How is vaginal prolapse managed before parturition

Answer 25

Epidural raise hindlimbs prolapse replacement and use of harness or Buhner suture

Question 26

How is vaginal prolapse managed during dystocia

Answer 26

Epidural prolapse replacement assisted delivery or caesarean section

Question 27

What is malpresentation

Answer 27

Abnormal position posture or presentation of the foetus

Question 28

What are the three components of foetal disposition

Answer 28

Presentation position and posture

Question 29

What does anterior presentation mean

Answer 29

Foetus is positioned head first towards the birth canal

Question 30

What is a common malposture seen in anterior presentation

Answer 30

Carpal flexion or head turned back

Question 31

What is caudal epidural anaesthesia used for

Answer 31

Prevention of abdominal contractions and aid in dystocia or C section

Question 32

What local anaesthetic is commonly used in cattle for epidural

Answer 32

Procaine with adrenaline

Question 33

What is the function of clenbuterol in dystocia

Answer 33

Beta 2 agonist that relaxes the uterus and allows cervical dilation

Question 34

What is Denaverine hydrochloride

Answer 34

Spasmolytic that relaxes the soft tissue of the birth canal during labour

Question 35

What is the effect of Denaverine in heifers

Answer 35

Promotes dilation of soft tissue to ease delivery

Question 36

What is the role of oxytocin in dystocia

Answer 36

Stimulates uterine contraction but only post delivery or for uterine prolapse

Question 37

When should oxytocin not be used

Answer 37

Before delivery of the foetus

Question 38

What are indications for caesarean section

Answer 38

Obstructive dystocia foetal oversize uterine torsion faulty posture or elective reasons

Question 39

What are signs that indicate failure of vaginal delivery

Answer 39

No progress despite traction foetal distress and prolonged dystocia

Question 40

What preparation is required before a caesarean section

Answer 40

Clipping cleaning local anaesthesia clenbuterol NSAIDs and antibiotics

Question 41

What are the layers incised during a caesarean

Answer 41

Skin muscle peritoneum uterus

Question 42

How is the uterus closed after foetal removal

Answer 42

Utrecht pattern

Question 43

What are indications for foetotomy

Answer 43

Dead foetus obstructive dystocia faulty posture ankylosis or anasarca

Question 44

What is an episiotomy

Answer 44

Surgical incision to enlarge the vulval opening

Question 45

When is episiotomy indicated

Answer 45

Incomplete relaxation of posterior vagina especially in heifers

Question 46

Why is clenbuterol given before caesarean

Answer 46

To relax the uterus and ease foetal manipulation

Question 47

What is the main goal in managing dystocia

Answer 47

Safe delivery of foetus with minimal trauma to dam and calf

Question 48

Why is early recognition of dystocia important

Answer 48

To reduce complications morbidity and mortality in dam and foetus

Question 49

What tool helps rotate the uterus during torsion

Answer 49

GynStick or torsion bar

Question 50

What is Schaffers method

Answer 50

Rolling technique used to correct uterine torsion

Question 51

What is the ideal approach when assessing dystocia

Answer 51

Systematic evaluation of stage of labour foetal position and dam status