Week 7 Neurological & Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
____ carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body
A
sensory (afferent) neurons
2
Q
____ carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to glandular and epithelial tissue
A
motor (efferent) neurons
3
Q
____ conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons
A
interneurons
4
Q
____ support neurons
A
glia
5
Q
parts of the brainstem (3)
A
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
6
Q
parts of the diencephalon (3)
A
hypothalamus
thalamus
pineal gland
7
Q
tough, fluid-cushioned set of membranes that safeguard nervous system organs
A
meninges
8
Q
tough outer layer that lines the cranium and vertebral column
A
dura mater
9
Q
innermost membrane covering the brain and spinal cord
A
pia mater
10
Q
membrane between the dura mater and the pia mater that resembles a cobweb
A
arachnoid mater
11
Q
an infection of the cerebrospinal fluid, usually caused by a virus or a bacterium
A
meningitis
12
Q
excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain caused by a lack of drainage or absorption
A
hydrocephalus
13
Q
inflammation of the brain; technically refers to an infection of the brain caused by a virus
A
encephalitis
14
Q
type of encephalitis where a virus invades the brain directly
A
primary encephalitis
15
Q
type of encephalitis where a virus infects another part of the body first
A
secondary encephalitis
16
Q
meningitis can be contagious (T/F)
A
true
17
Q
inflammation of the spinal cord; result of infection, necrosis, or demyelination of the spinal cord
A
myelitis
18
Q
demyelination of the spinal cord
A
transverse myelitis
19
Q
inflammation of a nerve or nerves; may be caused by trauma, infection, or poisoning
A
neuritis
20
Q
recurrent degenerative disorder of the nervous system resulting in seizures
A
epilepsy
21
Q
repetitive electrical discharges within the brain
A
seizure
22
Q
type of seizure characterized by incontinence, uncontrolled contraction of muscles, loss of consciousness
A
grand mal
23
Q
type of seizure where an individual ceases activity for a few seconds
A
petite mal
24
Q
infection of the nervous system caused by the rabies virus
A
rabies (hydrophobia)
25
rabies can cause paralysis and can be fatal (T/F)
true
26
autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system; lymphocytes degrade the myelin sheath of the nerves
multiple sclerosis
27
the average lifespan with multiple sclerosis is approximately 10 years (T/F)
false (average lifespan is 30+ years)
28
chronic nervous disease characterized by a slowly spreading tremor, muscular weakness and rigidity, and a peculiar gait
Parkinson’s disease
29
Parkinson's disease results in diminished levels of ____ which causes a tremor
dopamine
30
an expressionless face, speech issues, a bowed head, forward bend to the body, and thumbs turned inward are indications of ____
Parkinson's disease
31
common form of dementia that involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language
Alzheimer's disease
32
condition of deteriorated mental ability accompanied by emotional instability
dementia
33
confusion or disorientation that increases in the afternoon or evening
sundowning
34
____ is characterized by amyloid degeneration, neurofibrillary tangles, and degeneration of nerve cells in the brain
Alzheimer's disease
35
rare, degenerative brain disorder with no known cure (fatal in 90% of cases within one year), treatment, or diagnostic test; may be sporadic, hereditary, or acquired; progresses from memory loss and behavioral changes to mental deterioration, involuntary movements, blindness, and coma
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
36
a group of chronic disorders characterized by the impairment of control over movement (difficulty with fine motor tasks, balance, and control of voluntary movements), usually present within the first few years of life (by age 3)
cerebral palsy
37
cerebral palsy is progressive over time and fatal (T/F)
false (not progressive or fatal)
38
stroke that lasts only a few minutes; occurs because blood flow to the brain is interrupted; symptoms usually only last about an hour
transient ischemic attack
39
a blood vessel bursting within the brain; symptoms and effects depend on which vessel has ruptured
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
40
another name for stroke
apoplexy
41
the immediate and temporary disturbance of brain function as a result of trauma; no permanent injury except potential for memory loss surrounding the traumatic event
concussion
42
a bruise on the surface of the brain often accompanied with swelling; can lead to extravasation of blood
contusion
43
the area of a brain contusion indicates the site of the blunt force trauma (T/F)
false (does not necessarily indicate site of injury)
44
bleeding between the dura mater and the skull
extradural / epidural hemorrhage
45
bleeding between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane
subdural hematoma
46
bleeding between the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane
subarachnoid hematoma
47
____ glands secrete products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity
exocrine
48
____ glands do not have ducts and diffuse hormones directly into the blood
endocrine
49
a substance secreted by an endocrine gland
hormone
50
“master gland” that tells other glands to release hormones
pituitary gland
51
structure in the brain which controls the hormone system
hypothalamus
52
endocrine gland which regulates metabolism, growth, and development
thyroid gland
53
endocrine gland which regulates calcium
parathyroid gland
54
endocrine gland which regulates metabolism, the immune system, blood pressure, and stress hormones
adrenal glands
55
endocrine gland which regulates blood glucose levels
pancreatic islets
56
endocrine gland which regulates development of T lymphocytes (immune response)
thymus gland
57
endocrine gland which regulates sleep cycles
pineal gland
58
metabolic disorder in which carbohydrates that break down into sugars in the digestive system are not digested effectively because of a lack of appropriate insulin production in the pancreatic islets
diabetes mellitus
59
condition which may cause carbuncles and ulcers of the legs and feet that may lead to amputation of lower extremities, renal failure, cardiac disorders, coma, and/or death
diabetes mellitus
60
hyperfunction of the pituitary gland after ossification has occurred, characterized by elongated bones of the extremities and certain head bones (i.e. frontal bone, jaws); caused by overproduction of human growth hormone
acromegaly
61
endocrine condition which can cause abnormal growth of hands and feet, enlarged nose and lips, thickening of the facial tissues, thick, oily skin, and/or skin odor
acromegaly
62
overstimulation of the pituitary gland causing abnormal growth of the body in children
giantism / gigantism
63
underactive pituitary gland resulting in stunted growth; may also be caused by or contributed to by other conditions such as heredity, nutritional deficiencies, etc.
dwarfism
64
condition resulting in the inability of the kidneys to release antidiuretic hormone (and conserve water), caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland
diabetes insipidus
65
congenital hypothyroidism occurring in infants and children resulting in developmental disabilities (arrested physical and mental development, dystrophy of bones, lowered basal metabolism); can result from an iodine deficiency
cretinism
66
hypothyroidism in adults resulting in an infiltration of the skin by a thick, gelatinous substance formed from water and mucopolysaccharides; can result from an iodine deficiency or surgical removal of the thyroid; may result in enlargement of the tongue, thick and coarse edematous skin, puffiness of hands and feet, and dry hair
myxedema
67
hyperthyroidism caused by an autoimmune attack in which antibodies stimulate the thyroid to grow; may result in hyperplasia of the eyeballs and presence of goiters; most common in women between the ages of 25 and 40
Grave's disease
68
enlargement of the thyroid gland
goiter
69
goiters are most common in countries that do not add iodine to their salt (T/F)
true
70
goiters are most commonly associated with inflammation or cancer (T/F)
false (not associated with inflammation or cancer)
71
underproduction of ____ hormone can cause numbness of extremities/mouth, muscle cramps, depression, and/or irritability
parathyroid (hypoparathyroidism)
72
overproduction of ____ hormone can cause weakness, weight loss, fatigue, muscle atrophy, GI problems, and/or pancreatitis
parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism)
73
disease occurring when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough cortisol or aldosterone; may be an autoimmune condition or the result of another condition
Addison's disease
74
results in a bronze discoloration in people of lighter complexion and white patches on skin of people with darker complexion (among other symptoms)
Addison's disease
75
iatrogenic disorder due to glucocorticoid hormone therapy (i.e. prednisone) resulting in excess cortisol
Cushing's syndrome
76
____ can result in any/all of the following: rounded face because of fat deposits; obesity in the upper body; purple stretch marks; translucent, thin skin; muscle weakness; easy bruising; destruction of bone tissue; excessive facial hair (M/F); balding (F)
Cushing's syndrome
77
a failure of the adrenal glands to secrete appropriate levels of corticosteroids because of bleeding within the adrenal cortex
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
78
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome usually affects adults (T/F)
false (usually affects children)
79
characterized by a septic bacterial infection with a rapidly deteriorating progression leading to cardiovascular problems (improper blood clotting and congestion of blood vessels, hemorrhaging, petechia) and eventually death
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
