Week 8 Flashcards
(15 cards)
What is direct discrimination?
When someone is treated unfairly due to a group identity—often intentional, but can also be unconscious.
What is indirect discrimination?
When neutral policies disproportionately disadvantage a particular group, even if not intentional.
What’s the difference between organizational and structural discrimination?
Organizational: specific institutions act unfairly.
Structural: social systems produce unfair outcomes across institutions.
What are the two concepts of discrimination?
- Neutral distinction-making (Boxill).
- Morally wrongful disadvantage based on group membership (Altmann).
What is unconscious (implicit) bias?
Automatic associations or stereotypes that influence behavior without awareness.
Can direct discrimination be unintentional?
Yes—someone can discriminate without realizing their bias.
What is the consequentialist argument against discrimination?
It’s inefficient, discourages talent, causes harm, and reduces trust in society.
What is the deontological argument against discrimination?
It disrespects individuals, denies moral equality, and treats people by stereotypes instead of merit.
What is the aim of Rawls’ Theory of Justice?
To create a fair society based on equality and opportunity, as an alternative to utilitarianism.
What is the ‘original position’ in Rawls’ theory?
A thought experiment where people design rules for society without knowing their place in it (behind a ‘veil of ignorance’).
What are Rawls’ three principles of justice (in order)?
Liberty Principle – Equal basic liberties for all.
Fair Opportunity Principle – Positions open equally to all.
Difference Principle – Inequalities allowed only if they benefit the least advantaged.
How does Rawls respond to the risk-taker objection?
It’s irrational to gamble with your basic quality of life. Rational people would choose fairness and security for the worst-off.
How does Rawls justify his theory without an actual contract?
If rational people would agree to it under fair conditions, it defines what is just.
How does Rawls’ theory relate to discrimination?
Discrimination violates fair equality of opportunity, which Rawls shows is a key part of justice.
Why is the principle of fair opportunity important in Rawls’ view?
Because even if you’re born into a disadvantaged group, you should still have real opportunities to succeed.
