Week 8 H9

Question 1

What does the Mental schema theory by Norman and Shallice describe?

Answer 1

The theory describes routine and non-routine automatic processes and how schemas for routine actions are activated or inhibited.

Question 2

In the context of the Mental schema theory, what determines the selection of a routine action?

Answer 2

The contention scheduling (CS) chooses the strongest schema to perform the routine action.

Question 3

What role does the supervisory attentional system (SAS) play in non-routine actions according to Norman and Shallice?

Answer 3

The SAS inhibits routine schema selection and switches to an approach requiring executive functions.

Question 4

ook in college

Define Multimodal working memory model by Baddeley and Hitch.

Answer 4

It describes three models of working memory: Phonological loop, Visuospatial sketchpad and episodic buffer are directed by the Central executive.

Question 5

ook in college

The shielding-shifting dilemma in executive functioning involves what two main aspects?

Answer 5

It involves protecting goal against distraction (shielding) and adapting to the goal (shifting).

Question 6

In the shielding-shifting dilemma, what factor often causes a shift towards flexibility over stability?

Answer 6

A positive state often leads to more flexibility.

Question 7

What potential flaw exists in the unitary view of executive functions?

Answer 7

The flaw is the risk of developing an endless hierarchy of executive functions.

Question 8

oo in college

Match the following functions with their related executive processes:

1Energization
2Task setting
3Monitoring
4Behavior and emotions
5Metacognition
a. Right dorsolateral prefrontal circuit
b. Left dorsolateral prefrontal circuit
c. Dorsomedial prefrontal circuit
d. Lateromedial orbitofrontal cortex
e. Frontopolar circuit

Answer 8

1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-d, 5-e

Question 9

How does the criticism of fractionation approach relate to specific brain areas?

Answer 9

The criticism highlights that not every brain area that gets activated while performing a task necessarily controls that task.

Question 10

Is there a hierarchy in the way nodes in the network handle executive processes?

Answer 10

No, in the current belief, there’s no hierarchy; any node in the network can be in control and can be controlled by others.

Question 11

How do the unitary and fractional views on executive functions connect?

Answer 11

executive functions can be broken down into distinct components (fractional view),
but
these components do not operate in isolation but are highly integrated and coordinated by higher-level cognitive control processes (unitary view).

Question 12

Match the following fronto-subcortical networks with their importance:

1First network
2Second network
3Third network
a. Important for motivation and can lead to apathy if damaged.
b. Important for planning and problem solving.
c. Important for social-cognitive behavioral functions and can lead to personality changes if damaged.

Answer 12

1-b, 2-c, 3-a

Question 13

According to Spreng, what role does the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) play?

Answer 13

The frontoparietal control network monitors the balance between the dorsal attentional network (DAN) and the default mode network (DMN), particularly when an external task needs to be performed.

Question 14

What are the two basic attention networks identified by Corbetta et al.?

Answer 14

The dorsal attentional network (DAN) and the right hemisphere ventral attentional network (VAN)/salience network.

Question 15

Which brain areas does the dorsal attentional network (DAN) specifically involve?

Answer 15

The DAN involves the intraparietal sulcus and the frontal eye fields in both cerebral hemispheres.

Question 16

What systems mainly activate cortical areas in both top-down and bottom-up attentional systems?

Answer 16

The ARAS (ascending reticular activating system) activates cortical areas.

Question 17

What is the role of the locus coeruleus in the ARAS?

Answer 17

The locus coeruleus is responsible for the synthesis and dissemination of noradrenaline.

Question 18

What is the concern with executive function tests such as the Trail Making and Wisconsin Card Sorting tests?

Answer 18

They measure the cognitive control component of executive functions but cannot accurately assess if patients can function independently in daily life, referring to ecological validity.

Question 19

ook in college

Match the task level of executive function assesment with their measurement aspect

1Operational tasks
2Tactical tasks
3Strategic tasks
a. information processing speed (stimulus driven)
b. memory
c. executive functions

Answer 19

1a 2b 3c

Question 20

What is an example of a task that divides attention and suggests that an analyzed attention might not be valid?

Answer 20

Stroop Colors and Word Test.

Question 21

What are the two aspects of Ecological validity?

Answer 21

Veridicality (how much the task can predict daily behavior) and versatility (how much a test resembles tasks in everyday life).

Question 22

Why is it challenging to assess executive dysfunctions?

Answer 22

Due to the non-standardized nature of many tests and the presence of ‘task impurity’, which means the tests might measure more than just executive functioning.

Question 23

What cognitive impairments are visible especially in more complex, strategy-driven tasks?

Answer 23

Impairments in information processing, response inhibition, and divided attention.

Question 24

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Answer 24

Question 25

# werkgroep

Answer 25

Question 26

# werkgroep Which brain regions belong to the **DAN (Dorsal Attention Network)?**

Answer 26

the **intraparietal sulcus (IPS)** and the **frontal eye fields (FEF).**

Question 27

# werkgroep Which four brain regions belong to the **DMN (Default Mode Network)?**

Answer 27

1. the medial prefrontal cortex, 2. posterior cingulate cortex, 3. angular gyrus, 4. the hippocampal formation.

Question 28

# werkgroep

Answer 28

Question 29

# werkgroep match to the right function **dorsolateral prefrontal circuit (DPFC)** **orbitofrontal circuit (OFC)** **anterior cingulate circuit (ACC)**

Answer 29

Question 30

# ook in college **Frontoparietal control network (FPCN)**

Answer 30

Involves the **dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DPFC)** and parietal areas activated in task initiation and error-feedback.

Question 31

# ook in college **Cingulo-opercular network**

Answer 31

Involved in alertness/sustained attention and premotor/motor processes.

Question 32

**Dorsal attentional network (DAN)**

Answer 32

Involves the intraparietal sulcus and the frontal eye fields in both cerebral hemispheres.

Question 33

**Right hemisphere ventral attentional network/salience network**

Answer 33

Monitors balance between the dorsal attentional network and the default mode network.

Question 34

describe the **unitary view** on executive functions

Answer 34

posits that executive functions are driven by a single, unified system. This perspective is often associated with the concept of a "central executive" in working memory models, like that proposed by Baddeley and Hitch. The unitary view suggests that there is one overarching executive system that coordinates various cognitive tasks.

Question 35

describe the **fractional view** on executive functions

Answer 35

argues that executive functions consist of multiple, separate components that are distinct yet interrelated. This view is supported by research indicating that different types of executive functions (e.g., inhibition, updating, shifting)