Week 9 (Test 3)

Question 1

The cerebellum is located infratentorially in the posterior fossa, and is responsible for three main functions:

Answer 1

Maintenance of posture and balance Maintenance of skeletal muscle tone Coordination of voluntary and fine movement

Question 2

List the tonic systems (geared towards fighting gravity and controlling posture).

Answer 2

Pontine reticulospinal, Vestibulopsinal, and Tectospinal

Question 3

List the phasic systems (geared towards controlling discrete movements).

Answer 3

Corticospinal, Rubrospinal, and Medullary reticulospinal

Question 4

• located deep in superior colliculus (which does visual orientation)
• it’s for moving the neck
• helps you track things

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Answer 4

tectospinal tract

Question 5

What is the only solely inhibitory tract?

Answer 5

Medullary Reticulospinal tract

Question 6

Which tract is found in the genu of the internal capsule?

Answer 6

corticobulbar tract

Question 7

Lesions to the subthalamic nucleus result in what?

Answer 7

hemiballismus (violent, flinging movment occuring in proximal musculature)

Question 8

What is the site of origin of climbing fibers in the cerebellum?

Answer 8

inferior olivary nucleus

Question 9

damage to one side of the cerebellum will result in symptoms on which side?

Answer 9

the ipsilateral side

Question 10

What are the 3 opioid receptor subtypes?

Answer 10

µ, delta, kappa

Question 11

Endorphins have the highest affinity for which opioid receptors?

Answer 11

µ

Question 12

Enkephalins have the highest affinity for which opioid receptors?

Answer 12

delta

Question 13

Dynorphins have the highest affinity for which opioid receptors?

Answer 13

kappa

Question 14

What’s the prototype µ-agonist?

Answer 14

Morphine

Question 15

Used as anesthetic adjuvants

Answer 15

Fentanyl

Question 16

What are some symptoms of opioid withdrawals?

Answer 16

•Sweating, nausea, vomiting, cramps, shivering, shakes, restlessness

Question 17

Opioid dependence can be managed with what medications?

Answer 17

methadone or naltrexone treatment.

Question 18

What is the rate limiting step of alcohol metabolism?

Answer 18

Conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase the is rate limiting step

Question 19

reduced effect and reduced concentration in plasma

Answer 19

dispositional tolerance

Question 20

reduced effect at same concentration in plasma

Answer 20

pharmacodynamic tolerance

Question 21

What is the Mellanby effect?

Answer 21

Impairment is greater at a given blood alcohol level when BAC is increasing than for the same BAC when the blood alcohol level is falling.

Question 22

What are the effects of ethanol on the cardiovascular system?

Answer 22

vasodilatation of cutaneous vessels that can lead to hypothermia

Question 23

What’s the immediate cause of death in methanol poisoning?

Answer 23

Immediate cause of death is respiratory arrest

Question 24

• Competitive alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor
• Relatively non-toxic
• Antidote of choice for methanol & ethylene glycol

Answer 24

Fomepizole

Question 25

What would you give to treat methanol poisoning?

Answer 25

ethanol and Fomepizole

Question 26

What Treatment would you give for ethylene glycol toxicity?

Answer 26

ethanol and Fomepizole

Question 27

How do you treat Strychnine Poisoning?

Answer 27

•Treat with IV diazepam, reduced environmental stress, and activated charcoal

Question 28

What are the effects of coffee on your breathing? Your heart rate?

Answer 28

increases ventilation; slight decrease in heart rate

Question 29

What are the effects of caffeine on your blood vessels?

Answer 29

* Dilates peripheral vasculature, increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle (particularly during exercise) * Constricts cerebral vasculature

Question 30

What is the mechanism of action of caffeine?

Answer 30

Antagonism of adenosine receptors

Question 31

Caffeine's half life is increased by what?

Answer 31

* hepatic disease * pregnant women and women taking oral contraceptives

Question 32

Caffeine's half life is decreased by what?

Answer 32

* smoking * combination with phenytoin or barbiturates

Question 33

useful pharmacotherapy in smoking cessation ## Footnote due to blunting of rewarding effects of nicotine

Answer 33

Varenicline

Question 34

How does Varenicline work?

Answer 34

it is a partial agonist at alph4beta2 nicotinic receptor subtype

Question 35

What transmitter does MDMA (ectasy) affect primarily?

Answer 35

serotonin

Question 36

Bath salts are analogues of \_\_\_\_.

Answer 36

cathinone

Question 37

•At the site of trauma, while head is still

Answer 37

coup lesion

Question 38

•At the opposite site of trauma, while head is in motion

Answer 38

contrecoup lesion

Question 39

Diffuse axonal injury is a result of \_\_\_\_.

Answer 39

angular acceleartion injuries like a rolling car

Question 40

Epidural hematomas are most commonly caused by \_\_\_

Answer 40

Middle meningeal artery tear by fracture

Question 41

* Bridging vein tear by sudden movement of brain * Slowly progressive neurologic deterioration

Answer 41

subdural hematoma

Question 42

What's the function of the rubrospinal tract?

Answer 42

žThe fibers terminate on alpha motor neurons and: - EXCITE flexors of arms - INHIBIT extensors of arms

Question 43

What's the function of the corticorubral fibers?

Answer 43

* žThese are fibers that come from the cortex and go to the red nucleus * žThey inhibit the red nucleus * žThis is why your arms aren’t flexed all the time—the corticorubral fibers keep the rubrospinal tract in check!

Question 44

What are the symptoms of decorticate lesions?

Answer 44

* spastic paralysis (UMN lesion) * legs extended * arms flexed

Question 45

What are the symptoms of a cerebrate lesion?

Answer 45

* spastic paralysis (UMN lesion) * legs extended * arms extended