Week Four Flashcards
Respiration & EMG
What is the main principle of Boyle’s Law?
In a closed system, air pressure and volume are inversely related
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
What is the principle of equalization of pressure?
Air flows from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure
How does the equalization of pressure behave during inhalation?
Lung volume increases, creating lower pressure than the atmospheric pressure which causes air to flow into lungs
How does the equalization of pressure behave during exhalation?
Lung volume decreases, creating a higher pressure in the lungs which leads to air expulsion
What is the term for regular, relaxed breathing?
Tidal breathing
Characterized by a rhythmic pattern: 40% for inhalation, 60% for exhalation
What is tidal volume (TV)?
The small volume of air exchanged during each breath
What is vital capacity (VC)?
The maximum volume of air exchanged through breathing (ERV, TV, IRV)
*does not include residual volume since we cannot access that to breathe
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
Max air inhaled after tidal inspiration
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
Max air expelled after tidal expiration
What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?
Volume in the lungs after a normal exhalation (ERV + RV)
Represents the relaxation of the lungs
How does speech breathing differ from tidal breathing?
Uses 25-70% of VC
Inspiration is shorter, expiration is longer to maintain continuous airflow
What are alveoli?
Balloon like tissue which are sites for gas exchange
Tiny air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood
300 million
What are the lobes of the lungs?
Right lung: superior, middle, and inferior
Left lung: superior, and inferior
What are the fissures of the lungs?
Right lung: oblique, and horizontal fissure
Left lung: oblique fissure
What is the pleura?
Double layered protective membranes
The inner layer (visceral pleura) adheres to the lungs: the outer layer (parietal pleura) lines the chest wall
Liquid between these layers which allows the lungs to move smoothly
What is an advantage to having the pleura instead of a rigid connection between the lungs and the ribcage?
Direct connect could wear damage and uses more energy
This allows you to configure your body in many different ways and still be able to breathe
What is the airway to the lungs?
Main airway leading to the lungs branching into the left and right bronchi
Enter a lung and divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to alveolar ducts, into alveolar sacs, and then to alveoli
*resembles an inverted tree
What is breathing driven by?
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles, changing the volume and pressure in the thoracic cavity
Inhalation occurs when these muscles contract
What is the primary muscle of inhalation?
The diaphragm
Dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
What happens with the diaphragm during inhalation?
Contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and decreasing pressure in the lungs, which draws air in
What is the function of the diaphragms central tendon?
Transmits the force generated by the diaphragms muscular contraction
Enables the diaphragm to flatten and move downward during inhalation
What are the 2 accessory muscles for inhalation?
External intercostal muscles
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
What is the function of external intercostal muscles?
Elevate the ribs, expanding the chest wall and further increasing thoracic volume
What is the function of sternocleidomastoid muscles?
Raise the sternum, contributing to increase in thoracic volume
