Weeks 102 and 120

Question 1

PRR

Answer 1

Pattern Recognition Receptors.

Found on innate immune system cells. They recognise PAMPs on pathogens and DAMPs on damaged self.

Question 2

PAMPS

Answer 2

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns.

Recognised by PRRs

Question 3

DAMPS

Answer 3

Damaged Associated Molecular Pattern.

Self. Recognised by PRRs to facilitate disposal.

Question 4

Paracrine

Answer 4

molecules produced by cells and act on other cells in close proximity. e.g. cytokines

Question 5

Autocrine

Answer 5

molecules produced my a cell to act upon itself. e.g. cytokines.

Question 6

Adhesion factors

Answer 6

encourage leukocytes to attach to blood vessel epithelium to enable extravasation to a site of inflammation. e.g. IL8

Question 7

extravasation

Answer 7

leukocyte migration from blood to tissue

Question 8

Chemokine

Answer 8

attract other cells to them e.g. IL8 is produced at site of infection and attract neutrophils.

Question 9

4 inflammatory response events encouraging extravasation of leukocytes

Answer 9

Vasodilation (increases volume and decreases velocity).
Expression of Adhesion Molecules.
Increased vascular permeability.
Chemotactic factors (chemokines).

Question 10

Mast cells

Answer 10

activated by PAMPs. Degranulate: histamine, proteolytic enzymes. encourage vasodilation and attracts neutrophils.

Question 11

IL1

Answer 11

Acts on BRAIN.

increases hypothalamus thermostat (pyrexia).

Question 12

IL6

Answer 12

Acts on LIVER.

Stimulates production of Acute Phase Proteins. This increases CRP, fibrinogen (clotting), compliment proteins.

Question 13

CRP

Answer 13

C Reactive Protein.

binds to phagocytes and helps recognise PAMPs and DAMPs.

Question 14

Intermittent pyrexia

Answer 14

diurnally falls back to normal.

eg. malaria

Question 15

Remittent pyrexia

Answer 15

diurnal, but never returns to normal (whilst ill).

eg. endocarditis.

Question 16

Sustained pyrexia

Answer 16

always high temp.

eg. pneumonia

Question 17

Recurring pyrexia

Answer 17

days if high temp, then days of normal/raised temp, then days of high again.
eg. tick borne diseases.

Question 18

Where are the blood heat sensitive receptors

Answer 18

anterior hypothalamus

Question 19

1 degree rise in temp raises pulse by?

Answer 19

15 BPM

Question 20

nervous effect of anterior hypothalamus in response to pyrogens.

Answer 20

sympathetic stimulation. Causing vasoconstriction and shivering.

Question 21

nervous effect of anterior hypothalamus in response to core temp rising above set point.

Answer 21

sympathetic inactivation. Causing sweating and vasodilation.

Question 22

Most common exogenous pyrogen.

Answer 22

Lipopolysaccharide (found on G- cell wall)

Question 23

Endogenous pyrogens

Answer 23

IL1.
IL6.
INF.
TNF A.

Question 24

Endogenous antipyrogen.

Answer 24

IL10.

Question 25

MOA of endogenous pyrogens

Answer 25

act on anterior hypothalamus, increasing COX2 and therefore prostaglandin (arachidonic acid pathway) which acts on hypothalamus to stimulate the SNS to vasoconstrict and shiver. (increasing temp.)

Question 26

Acute Phase definition

Answer 26

release of Acute Phase Proteins from liver in response to stimulation from (mainly) IL6.

Question 27

Acute Phase Proteins are....

Answer 27

produced by liver in response to (mainly) IL6. They aid elimination of infectious pathogens e.g. act as opsonins.

Question 28

Opsonin

Answer 28

Aid phagocytosis, usually by enhancing binding of PRRs to PAMPs (and also DAMPs).

Question 29

Acute Phase Proteins examples

Answer 29

complement C3. Mannose Binding Protein. Serum Amyloid A. C-reactive protein.

Question 30

CRP

Answer 30

C-reactive protein. An acute phase protein release from liver in response to IL6. Binds to phosphoric choline found on pathogens and damaged self. Acts as opsonin to aid phagocytosis.

Question 31

Difference between hyperthermia and Pyrexia

Answer 31

hyperthermia is an increase in core temp WITHOUT an increase in set point.

Question 32

MOA of exogenous antipyrogens

Answer 32

reduce the release of prostaglandin (arachidonic pathway) therefore reducing the stimulation of the SNS.

Question 33

Malignant Hyperthermia

Answer 33

Autosomal dominant. general anaesthetic drugs induce a rapid increase in core temp causing arrhythmia. Rapidly fatal.

Question 34

Drug fever

Answer 34

Impairment of heat dissipation by some drugs e.g. antihistamines and TCAs causing an increase in core temp.

Question 35

What is the most abundant leukocyte?

Answer 35

Neutrophil Regardless of what type of infection/response is happening - neutrophils will always play the largest part.

Question 36

Which leukocyte will arrive at the site of infection first?

Answer 36

Neutrophil

Question 37

What leukocyte is specialised to be involved in parasitic infections?

Answer 37

Eosonophil

Question 38

Which leukocyte is likely to be involved in hypersensitivity and immunoregulation?

Answer 38

Basophil

Question 39

What is the role of dendritic cells?

Answer 39

phagocytosis, migration to lymph and presentation to T cells.

Question 40

What is the role of CD4+ T cells

Answer 40

``` T Helper cells. CD4+ - recognise MHC class II and secrete cytokines in response ```

Question 41

What is the role of CD8+ T cells

Answer 41

``` Cytotoxic T cells CD8+ - recognise MHC class I, kills cell and secretes cytokines. ```

Question 42

What is the role of MHC Class I

Answer 42

On all self cells. It will present non-self antigen to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, which will destroy the cell.

Question 43

Role of MHC Class II

Answer 43

On phagocytes, present non self antigen after it has been endocytosed, to CD4+ T Helper cells which will activate an immune response (via cytokines and B cell activation).