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Nutrition - Kin 3481 > What happens in the stomach? Absorption & Digestion > Flashcards

What happens in the stomach? Absorption & Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system is responsible for the movement:

A

of nutrients into the body

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2
Q

Synthesizing compounds is

A

anabolism

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3
Q

Breaking down compounds to provide energy

A

catabolism

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4
Q

Two main parts of the digestive system are

A
  1. digestion
  2. absorption
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5
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

salivary gland
Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder

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6
Q

The accessory organs produce _____, _____ and _____ ______ that contribute to the breakdown of food

A

bile, saliva, digestive enzymes

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7
Q

Salivary glands : Secretion of _________ _______ containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates

A

lubricating fluid

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8
Q

Liver: Secretion of _____ (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, many other vital functions

A

bile

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9
Q

Gallbladder: _______ and concentration of bile

A

storage

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10
Q

Pancreas: Exocrine cells secrete _____ and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones

A

buffers

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11
Q

Transit time:

A

amount of time it takes food to pass the length of the gastrointestinal tract, (time it takes for food to pass from mouth to anus).

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12
Q

Food Disassembly

______ and ______ processes deconstruct food into polymers
(macromolecules: CHO, Lipids, protein nucleic acid)

These further breakdown into __________

A

chemical and mechanical

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13
Q

GI tract & accessory organs work together in 6 steps:’

I
P
M
C
A
E

A
  1. Ingestion (oral cavity)
  2. Propulsion (pharynx, esophagus, stomach)
  3. Mechanical Breakdown (stomach)
  4. Chemical Digestion (accessory organs)
  5. **Absorption (small intestine)
  6. Elimination (large intestine)
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13
Q

Mechanical refers to:

A

using smooth muscle

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14
Q

Chemical refers to:

A

being enabled by accessory organs

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15
Q

Layers of GI tract

Plica Circulares: Folds increase _______ _______ for ________

A

surface area, absorption

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16
Q

Mucosa

Secretes ____

Absorption & ________

A

mucus
protection

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17
Q

Submucosa: Rich supply elastic fibers that enable stomach to regain ______ _______ after storing large meal

A

regain the normal shape

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18
Q

Muscularis externa:
Muscularis mucosae:

Smooth muscle cells involved with ________ materials along digestive tract (peristalsis)

A

moving

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19
Q

Serosa (visceral peritoneum)

A

Protective covering of muscularis externa

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20
Q

Path of Ingested Food: From Oral Cavity to Stomach

A
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21
Q

Mastication

Chewing (mastication) helps to do what to surface area?

A

Chewing helps to INCREASE surface area so its easier for enzymes to attach on. Bolus is then created.

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22
Q

Mastication

Saturates food with _______ ____/______

This forms a ________ and is swallowed

A

salivary secretions/enzymes

Bolus

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23
Q

Saliva

what is produced by saliva INITIATES the start of the breakdown of ______ _________

A

salivary amylase

complex carbohydrates

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24
Q

What is produced by the tongue that for the breakdown of ________

A

lingual lipase

lipids

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25
Q

T/F
Absorption DOES NOT occur in the oral cavity?

A

T

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26
Q

Pharynx connects to what?

A

Esophagus

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27
Q

What is the passage way for solid food, liquids, air from oral cavity to esophagus

A

Pharynx

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28
Q

Esophegeal sphincter:

A

prevents heartburn

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29
Q

Ingested substances combine with secretions of glands of stomach to form

A

chyme

30
Q

Once bolus reaches the stomach, it forms into

A

chyme

31
Q

functions of the stomach
S
M
C
I

A

Storage
Mechanical breakdown
Chemical breakdown
Production of intrinsic factor

32
Q

intrinsic factor (glycoprotein) :
Required for intestinal absorption of

A

vitamin B12

33
Q

4 parts of the stomach

A

Fundus, Body, Pylorus, Cardia

34
Q

Fundus and Body: Gastric Glands

Secretes ________ (prevents stomach from being digested)

A

muscus

35
Q

Fundus and Body: Gastric Glands

Parietal cells: secretes ____ ____ (required for absorption of vitamin B12) & _______ _____

A

intrinsic factor, hydrochloric acid (HCL)

36
Q

Chief cells: produces __________(makes _______ when combined with ______ -> digests proteins)

A

pepsinogen, pepsin, HCL

37
Q

Pylorus: Pyloric Glands

secrete ______

A

mucous

38
Q

Pylorus: Pyloric Glands

G-cells: secretes ________ (stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl)

A

gastrin

39
Q

D-Cells: secrete
_________ (inhibits release of gastrin)

A

somatostatin

40
Q

What does the secretion of gastrin from g-cells do?

A

stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL. This HCL is super important because HCL binds with pepsinogen to make pepsin, which is then used to digest proteins.

41
Q

stomach protects itself from self digestion using a ______ _______

A

mucosal barrier

42
Q

ACID reflux from stomach backs up into _________

Under normal conditions your ________ _________

A

esophagus
esophageal sphincter

43
Q

Summary:
Digestion from Oral Cavity to Stomach

Salivary amylase & lingual lipase – digestion of _________

Pepsin digestion of the _______

A

CHO and lipids

proteins

44
Q

As ph decreases, pepsin activity _________, this is when what begins

A

increases
protein disassembly

45
Q

are nutrients absorbed in the stomach?

A

NOOOO

46
Q

CHO, lipids, proteins only ________ broken down in the stomach

A

partially

47
Q
A
48
Q

Stomach Emptying

Large meal: more ________ will stimulate release of _____ ______ and gastric motility. Therefore, gastric emptying is ________

Small meal: absence of ________, little stimulus for gastric motility; gastric emptying ________

A

distension
gastric juice
Fast

distensions
slow

49
Q

What stimulates gastric juices and motility?

A

distension

50
Q

What is the main source of digestion and absorption?

A

small intestine

51
Q

Duodenum

What is released in response to chyme arrival (esp. when high in lipids)

released in response to chyme arrival

secreted when exposed to large quantities of incompletely digested proteins

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK):

secretin

pepsin

52
Q

Gallbladder
stores what ?

A

Bile

53
Q

Bile necessary for ________of dietary fats

A

emulsification

54
Q

Emulsification is when fats are physically ______ into small little fat droplets

A

separated

55
Q

Emulsification also increases _______ _______ so enzymes can act on them

A

surface area

56
Q

If gallbladder removed:

A

bile production continues but is more dilute and entry into small intestine not closely tied to arrival of food in duodenum

57
Q

explain why bile is important in 4 steps:

A
  1. Liver secretes bile
  2. Bile becomes more concentrated the longer it remains in the gallbladder.
    3.The release of cck by the duodenum triggers contraction of the gallbladder and opening of a sphincter. the ejects bile into the duodenum
  3. Bile salts then break down lips droplets through a process called emulsification.
58
Q

Hormone CCK is secreted in response to what arrival at the duodenum?

A

chyme

59
Q

When is bile released into the duodenum?

A

under stimulation of CCK

60
Q

Pancreatic enzymes

A
  • Pancreatic alpha-amalyse
  • Pancreatic lipase
    Proteolytic enzymes
61
Q
  • Pancreatic alpha-amalyse breaks down what?
  • Pancreatic lipase breaks down what?
    Proteolytic enzymes breaks down what?
A

starches
- lipids
-proteins

62
Q

Pancreatic duct (enzymes, buffers) and common bile duct (bile) empty into ______ ______ - chemical digestion of food stuffs

A

duodenal ampulla

63
Q

Segmentation:

A

chyme moved back/forth few cm at a time by alternating contraction & relaxation of rings of smooth muscle. This mixes the chyme with bile, pancreatic, and intestinal juices

64
Q

The Small Intestine ABSORPTION

Where does 90% of absorption occur?

A

small intestine

65
Q

Structural Modifications of Small Intestine to Increase Surface Area for ABSORPTION

Plicae circulares: deep circular folds

Villi:

Microvolli:

A

increase surface area for absorption

fingerlike extensions of the mucosa

tiny projections of absorptive mucosal cells’ plasma membranes

66
Q

What enzymes are embedded in microvilli?

What do they do?

A

brush border enzymes

finish the digestion of CHO and proteins in the small intestine

67
Q

What happens in the duodenum?
Jejunum?
Illeum?

A

chemical digestion
Nutrient absorption
Vitamin absorption

68
Q

Where does nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine?

A

Jejunum

69
Q

Most digestion happens in what part of the small intestine

A

duodenum

70
Q

Large intestine moves what to the anus for defecation?

A

fecal material

71
Q

Large intestine has what important function?

A

reabsorption of water

72
Q

How much absorption happens in the large intestine?

A

<10%

73
Q
A

Nutrition - Kin 3481 (11 decks)

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