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biology 156 > Worksheet 2 > Flashcards

Worksheet 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?

A

The cocci (round), bacillus (rod shaped), and spirochetes (cork screw shaped)

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2
Q

What is the gram stain?

A

A series of washes on a bacteria that can either be gram positive or gram negative

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3
Q

What color does a gram positive test become?

A

Reddish and darker

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4
Q

What color does a gram negative test become?

A

Pinkish or lighter

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5
Q

What is the point of the Gram stain?

A

Used to determine specific groups of pathogenic bacteria

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6
Q

What does it mean if a bacteria is gram positive?

A

Has a thicker cell membrane

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7
Q

What does it mean if a bacteria is gram negative?

A

Has a thinner cell wall

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8
Q

What happens to O2 at higher altitudes?

A

The oxygen gas pressure decreases

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9
Q

What is the PO2 formula?

A

The percentage of sea level gas by the entire atmospheric pressure

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10
Q

Why is Mt. Everest so difficult to climb?

A

The atmospheric pressure is under 1/3rd of sea level

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11
Q

What do the gas exchange of CO2 and O2 operate by?

A

Diffusion

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12
Q

Does ventilation increase or decrease oxygen pressure in the lungs?

A

Increase

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13
Q

What can help increase gas diffusion?

A

Alveoli and capillary cells

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14
Q

Why are birds more efficient in their respiration?

A

Birds have a 2 way flow of air

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15
Q

What is the parabronchi?

A

Straw like shapes that allow fresh air to come in one end and exit the other end

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16
Q

What is the function of the nares?

A

An opening for air exchange

17
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The common opening between the respiratory and digestive system

18
Q

What is the larynx?

A

A box which contains the vocal cords

19
Q

What is the trachea

A

The bronchi and a series of bronchioles which conduct air in and out of the lungs

20
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

Grape like clusters of simple squamous epithelium where gases are exchanged

21
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

In the alveoli

22
Q

What is a surfactant?

A

An enzyme produced by cells in the alveoli which disrupts hydrogen bonds in water and prevents the collapse of the alveoli

23
Q

What happened in the 1875 flight of the Zenith balloon

A

The balloon rose too high and all but one of the passengers survived in the atmosphere with little oxygen

24
Q

What is the mucus escalator?

A

An entrapment of microbes and air particle in the respiratory lining

25
Q

What can paralyze the mucus escalator?

A

Smoking and other pollutants

26
Q

What is the Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

The max. volume that can be inhaled

27
Q

What is the tidal volume (TV)?

A

The typical inhalation and exhalation volume at rest

28
Q

What is the Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

The max. volume that can be exhaled

29
Q

What is the residual volume (RV)?

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after ERV

30
Q

What is the Lung capacity (TLC)?

A

Max inhalation and exhalation the amount of volume left in lungs after ERV and the typical inhalation and exhalation at rest

31
Q

What are the 2 diving issues?

A

Nitrogen narcosis and the bends

32
Q

What is nitrogen narcosis?

A

When nitrogen levels impact the brain and cause a drunken like feeling and euphoria

33
Q

What are the bends?

A

When we surface to rapidly causing great joint pain and even death

34
Q

What is the organizational level in the skeletal muscle?

A

Muscle bundles - many cells forming a muscle
Muscle fibers - A single muscle cell
Myofibrils - Repeated structures of muscle contractile proteins
Sarcomere - A single unit of contractile proteins

35
Q

What are the contractile proteins in the muscles?

A

Actin, myosin, and troponin

36
Q
A

biology 156 (30 decks)

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