Zoology Test 1c

Question 1

Porifera reproduction

Answer 1

• sexual reproduction
• broadcast fertilization
• species take in sperm from exterior and fertilize internally, larva hatched internally
• some species broadcast both sperm and oocytes

Question 2

broadcast fertilization

Answer 2

throw it out there, need a phase to be synchronized

Question 3

blastula

Answer 3

stage after fertilization that contains flagella on the inside which turns itself inside out

Question 4

what is the motile stage of porifera reproduction?

Answer 4

parenchymula larva

Question 5

How do sponges differ from protozoa?

Answer 5

• cell specialization in form and function
• coordination of different cell types
• begin to hint at tissues

Question 6

How are sponges similar to protozoa?

Answer 6

• sexual and asexual reproduction
• intracellular digestion
• no organs or true tissues

Question 7

common characteristics of Cnidaria

Answer 7

• radial symmetry
• invented movement
• germ-layers
• do have tissues
• have mouth
• have digestive cavity - extracellular digestion
• mostly marine

Question 8

significance of Cnidarians

Answer 8

• contains most primitiver members on main line of eumetazoan evolution
• fossils up to 700 million years old

Question 9

cnidarian symmetry

Answer 9

• have two ends
• oral end which is the mouth
• aboral end which is the opposite side of mouth

Question 10

nematocysts

Answer 10

• mechanism used in cnidarians
• located in the cnidocytes
• sting and paralyze prey
• entangle prey
• triggered by contact

Question 11

cnidocytes

Answer 11

specialized cell

Question 12

nervous tissue of cnidarians

Answer 12

• true tissues include nerve net
• bidirectional nerve cells
• radial symmetry means no CNS
• nerve cells connect to muscular cells forming coordinated neuromuscular system

Question 13

cnidarian body plan

Answer 13

• basic structure: digestive sac with one opening, two-way digestive system
• diploblastic
• two distinct layers: epidermis and gastrodermis
• gastrovascular cavity
• two forms: polyp and medusa

Question 14

diploblastic

Answer 14

when blastula, has two layers of tissue

Question 15

epidermis

Answer 15

outer tissue layer

Question 16

gastrodermis

Answer 16

inner tissue layer

Question 17

mesoglea

Answer 17

jelly-like layer inbetween the epidermis and gastrodermis

Question 18

gastrovascular cavity

Answer 18

for digestion and circulation of nutrients, waste and gases

Question 19

alternation of generations

Answer 19

type of pattern where the two forms of cnidarians perform different kinds of reproduction

Question 20

polyp has what kind of reproduction

Answer 20

asexual

Question 21

medusa has what kind of reproduction

Answer 21

sexual

Question 22

what are the tissue layers of the embryonic cell?

Answer 22

• endoderm: inside
• ectoderm: outside
• mesoglea in the middle

Question 23

What are the four classes of cnidarians?

Answer 23

• hydrozoa
• scyphozoa
• cubozoa
• anthozoa

Question 24

hydrozoa

Answer 24

• hydra
• obelia
• physalia

Question 25

scyphozoa

Answer 25

aurelia

Question 26

cubozoa

Answer 26

box jellyfish

Question 27

anthozoa

Answer 27

- sea anemone | - coral

Question 28

characteristics of hydra

Answer 28

- freshwater - polyp form - both sexual and asexual budding - dioecious

Question 29

cell types in the hydra

Answer 29

- interstitial cells - epitheliomuscular cells - cindocytes - sensory cells

Question 30

interstitial cells

Answer 30

the stem cells of hydra

Question 31

epitheliomuscular cells

Answer 31

shorten body, longitudinal muscles for body movement

Question 32

cindocytes

Answer 32

capture prey and defend

Question 33

sensory cells

Answer 33

sense chemical and tactile stimuli

Question 34

What are the gastrodermis cell types?

Answer 34

- nutritive-muscular cells | - gland cells

Question 35

nutritive-muscular cells

Answer 35

extend body and phagocytize food for intracellular digestion

Question 36

gland cells

Answer 36

secrete enzymes to digest food in gastrovascular cavity for extracellular digestion

Question 37

characteristics of physalia

Answer 37

- Portuguese man-o-war - marine - floating - colonial - prime example of polymorphism, contain both medusae and polyp in same colony

Question 38

characteristics of obelia

Answer 38

- marine sessile - colonial - hydranths - gonangia

Question 39

hydranths

Answer 39

used for feeding in obelia

Question 40

gonangia

Answer 40

produce medusa buds via asexual reproduction in obelia

Question 41

planula larvae

Answer 41

stage that comes after the blastula in a obelia, fertilization to zygote to blastula to planula larvae

Question 42

characteristics of scyphozoa

Answer 42

- true jellyfish - example: aurelia polyp stage is solitary, not colonial

Question 43

sexual reproduction in scyphozoa

Answer 43

- male/female medusa produce gamete - male releases sperm, female takes sperm in gastrovascular cavity to ovaries - after fertilization, zygote develops into planula - planula settles on substrate to become scyphistoma polyp

Question 44

asexual reproduction in scyphozoa

Answer 44

- scyphistoma goes through strobilation to produce strobila stage of life cycle - strobila buds to release multiple clones which called ephyra - ephyra develop into male and female medusae