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0. foundations of medicine

This class was created by Brainscape user Eman Manzar. Visit their profile to learn more about the creator.

By: Eman Manzar
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Decks in this class (167)

Introduction to Medical Sciences & Homeostasis
General organisation of body systems,
Outline the role of each major sy...,
Define the term homeostasis
13  cards
Homeostasis 1
Tissues,
Organs,
What is the equation of life
30  cards
Homeostasis 1
What is homeostasis,
What are our bodies composed of a...,
What is a tissue
28  cards
Homeostasis 2
Where is the water in our bodies,
What is transcellular fluid,
How is water distributed in an av...
26  cards
Homeostasis 2
Homeostatic reflexes are represen...,
What do the mechanisms of homeost...,
What percentage of body weight do...
32  cards
Homeostasis
What is meant by negative feedback,
What is the overall goal of homeo...,
What is defined as feed forward s...
23  cards
Health & Disease
How is health dynamic,
What makes us healthy,
What is disease
21  cards
Health & Disease
Define aetiology,
Define pathogenesis,
Define symptoms and signs
5  cards
Disease
What are the 5 types of natural d...,
What is defined as inflammation,
What is defines as abnormal cell ...
5  cards
Life at the Cellular Level 1
What is every organism composed of,
What are cells,
Why are cells small
62  cards
Life at the Cellular Level 2
What are the 10 elements that are...,
How many trace elements are neede...,
What are 99 of our cells composed of
48  cards
Life at the Cellular Level 3
What is the basic rule of energy,
What are the two laws of thermody...,
What is entropy
41  cards
Life at the Cellular Level 4
What does water being a polar mol...,
Why is water polar,
What kind of bonds can water form...
45  cards
Life at Cellular Level
Why are cells small,
Do prokaryotes have mitochondria,
What is the difference between pl...
79  cards
Structure & Function of Cell Membrane
Chemical composition of ecf icf,
Movement of materials,
Structure of membrane diagram
11  cards
Forces Acting Across Membranes 1
What does the cell membrane do,
What is a major difference betwee...,
What is the ecf sub divided into
38  cards
Forces Acting Across Membrane 2
Why is there a difference in char...,
What does the electrochemical gra...,
What are 5 mechanisms of movement...
34  cards
Forces Acting Across Membrane 3
Osmosis,
Diffusion,
How is osmotic equilibrium mainta...
28  cards
Forces Acting Across the Membrane
What can pass through the capilla...,
Why can membranes be described as...,
Why are membranes described as fl...
21  cards
Introduction to Blood
How much blood does the average 7...,
How is the 5l of blood in the ave...,
Do men or woman have more blood
69  cards
Introduction to Blood
What are the functions of blood,
How much of the blood is plasma,
How much of the plasma is water
46  cards
Foundations in Immunology 1
Overview of the Immune System + Innate Immunity
65  cards
Foundations in Immunology 2
Functions of the Lymphoid Organs + The Roles of T Lymphocytes
52  cards
Foundations in Immunology 3
B Lymphocytes and Functions of Antibody + The Complement System
53  cards
Proteins 1
What are the major steps of prote...,
What is transcription,
What is translation
58  cards
Proteins 2
Give some examples of modified ty...,
What are glycoproteins,
How to glycoproteins occur
25  cards
Enzymes
What are ribozymes,
What is a cofactor,
What is a co enzyme
52  cards
Enzymes 1
What are virtually all reactions ...,
What is an enzyme,
How are enzymes efficient
63  cards
Enzymes 2
Give an example of two enzymes th...,
What reaction to glucokinase and ...,
Where is glucokinase found
71  cards
Carbohydrates 1
What is a carbohydrate,
Why are carbohydrates and major e...,
What are some functions of carboh...
50  cards
Carbohydrates 2
What are some carbohydrates in th...,
Where are 3 places that carbohydr...,
How are carbohydrates digested in...
48  cards
Glycolysis 1
What is glycolysis,
What kind of phosphorylation does...,
What is the only way that energy ...
38  cards
Glycolysis 2
What are some tissues that comple...,
What happens if we have no more c...,
Why is gluconeogensis not the dir...
48  cards
Citric Acid Cycle
Where does the citric acid cycle ...,
Why is the citric acid cycle very...,
What does the citric acid cycle a...
31  cards
Carbohydrates 1
Describe the covalent bond in a d...,
What is meant by anomeric,
Name three important disaccharides
32  cards
Carbohydrates 2
Where can we get glycogen from in...,
Can we digest cellulose,
Where in our diet can we get olig...
48  cards
Carbohydrates 3
How many molecules of g 3 p enter...,
How many atp are used in the prep...,
How many atp are made during the ...
29  cards
Carbohydrates 4
Which cells rely on glucose as th...,
How many out of the 10 glycolysis...,
What are the 4 reactions called t...
26  cards
Citric Acid Cycle
Where does the citric acid cycle ...,
Does the citric acid cycle produc...,
Is o2 a reactant
20  cards
Terminal Respiration
What do redox reaction do in resp...,
What is the only site of oxidativ...,
What does the mitochondria allow ...
55  cards
Nitrogen 1
What is nitrogen metabolism also ...,
What kinds of molecules contain n...,
Where do we get our nitrogen from
33  cards
Nitrogen 2
What is the only way that nitroge...,
How do we excrete nitrogen,
What is ammonia transported in th...
21  cards
Nitrogen 3
What are inherited metabolic diso...,
What are interited metabolic diso...,
What do inherited metabolic disor...
30  cards
Nitrogen 1
What is the name given to nitroge...,
What does the assimilation stage ...,
What is the degradation stage of ...
26  cards
Nitrogen 2
Removal of nitrogen from body,
How is ammonia transported in the...,
Where is excess glutamine processed
16  cards
Lipids 1
What are lipids,
When are lipids soluble,
Are lipids hydrophobic or hydroph...
61  cards
Lipids 2
Can fatty acids be converted to g...,
What does the beta oxidation path...,
Where does beta oxidation occur
34  cards
Lipids 3
Where do we get fatty acids from,
Where does fatty acid synthesis h...,
What part of the cell does fatty ...
54  cards
Lipids 1
Where are the different places yo...,
What are some of the biological f...,
What are the different classes of...
64  cards
Lipids 2
In the beta oxidation pathway how...,
What are the products of beta oxi...,
Where does beta oxidation occur
27  cards
Lipids 3
Where do we get fatty acids,
Where does fatty acid synthesis o...,
What is fatty acid synthesised from
48  cards
How Nerves Work 1
Overview of the Nervous System + Cells of the Nervous System
27  cards
How Nerves work 2
The Resting Membrane Potential
21  cards
How Nerves Work 3
Graded Potentials + Synaptic Integration
30  cards
How Nerves Work 4
Ionic Basis of the Action Potential + Speeding up the Action Potential
28  cards
How Nerves Work 5
The Neuromuscular Junction + Central Nervous System Synapses
22  cards
Nerves 1-3
What are the dendrites on a nerve...,
What is the name given to the bod...,
What are the 4 different types of...
32  cards
Nerves 4-5
What type of channel is responsib...,
What is the usual threshold poten...,
What is responsible for repolaris...
26  cards
Essential Pharmacology 1
1.1 The Wonderful World of Receptors
25  cards
Essential Pharmacology 2
Essential Pharmacology + Drugs and Therapeutics
22  cards
Pharmacology 1
Why don t receptors all bind the ...,
Different receptors can be activa...,
What type of response can a recep...
21  cards
Pharmacology 2
Describe some of the sources of d...,
How do drugs act,
Give examples of binding sites
14  cards
Sensory Receptors : Body Sensation
What are sensory receptors,
What do sensory receptors do,
What is sensory modality
33  cards
Sensory Receptors : Proprioception
What is a proprioreceptor,
What are examples of propriorecep...,
What does the muscle spindle do
39  cards
Sensory Nerves
What is sensory modality,
What are mechanoreceptors,
What are proprioceptors
20  cards
Proprioception
What are proprioceptors,
Give three examples of propriocep...,
Which proprioceptors are involved...
17  cards
Reflexes
What is the simplest reflex,
Where is the stretch reflex found,
What are examples of the stretch ...
26  cards
Reflexes 2
Explain how the patella tendon kn...,
What is a reflex that doesn t inv...,
What are the three fates of the s...
17  cards
Autonomic Physiology 1
What does the autonomic nervous s...,
What are some examples of things ...,
What are the 2 nervous systems
39  cards
Autonomic Physiology 2
What does tissues response to ner...,
What receptors does noradrenaline...,
What receptors does acetylcholine...
33  cards
Autonomic Physiology 1
What does the autonomic nervous s...,
What are the divisions of the aut...,
Describe the myelination in pre g...
22  cards
Autonomic Physiology 2
What is the effect of adrenaline ...,
What is the effect o noradrenalin...,
What is the effect of acetylcholi...
25  cards
Autonomic & Pharmacology of the NMJ + ANS
What are the nicotinic receptors ...,
What are the muscarinic receptors...,
What are the alpha receptors
18  cards
Autonomic & Pharmacology of the NMJ + ANS 2
How many types of cholinergic rec...,
How many types of adrenergic rece...,
What is the function of presynapt...
38  cards
Introduction to Medical Microbiology 1
What are possible infecting agents,
What are the two areas of the bod...,
What is a sterile site
40  cards
Introduction to Medical Microbiology 2
What are the 5 possible infecting...,
What is the specimen collection f...,
What is the specimen collection f...
20  cards
Introduction to Bacteria 1
What does the structure of bacter...,
What does the cytoplasm do,
What do ribosomes do
57  cards
Introduction to Bacteria 2
What are the key differences betw...,
What is the gram stain appearance...,
What is the gram stain appearance...
17  cards
Introduction to Parasites 1
What is a parasite,
How does the complexity of parasi...,
What do parasites cause
38  cards
Introduction to Parasites 2
What are the three classes of par...,
Describe the structure of protozoa,
What is the mode of protozoa tran...
26  cards
Introduction to Fungi 1
What can fungi infect,
What is fungas,
What does the cell wall of fungus...
58  cards
Introduction to Fungi 2
What does the cell wall of a fung...,
Does a fungi form spores,
Does a fungi contain chlorophyl
27  cards
Introduction to Viruses 1
What can you say about the size o...,
What can you say about cells viru...,
What are different structures of ...
39  cards
Introduction to Viruses 2
Describe the possible shapes of a...,
What are obligate intracellular p...,
What can virus families be classi...
22  cards
Pathogens & hosts
What is clinical infection charac...,
What is pyrexia,
What is tachycardia
110  cards
Pathogens & Host intro
What are the possible signs and s...,
What is a commensal,
What does the capacity of a micro...
17  cards
Pathogens & Host - Immunity
What type of phagocytic cell is a...,
What type of phagocytic cell is c...,
Where can you find fixed macrophages
23  cards
Pathogens and Host - Virus and Pathogenesis
What are the virus pathogenic mec...,
What are the sites of viral entry,
What is a chronic infection
16  cards
Classification of Pathogenic Bacteria 1
What are things that can infect p...,
What is bacteria,
What is the process of gram staining
39  cards
classification of pathogenic bacteria, pathogens & host
Gram s stain,
Cells wall differences in gram ve...,
Classification of gram ve bacteria
82  cards
Gram Positive Bacteria
What type of bacteria is bacilli ...,
What are group d streptococci re ...,
What does streptococcus pneumonia...
86  cards
Gram Negative Bacteria
Neisseria meningitidis meningitis...,
Aerobic gram negative cocci,
Cant be stained with gram stainsc...
76  cards
Principles of Immunisation
What are the two types of immunity,
What is innate immunity,
What is adaptive immunity
46  cards
Principles of Immunisation 2
What does natural passive immunit...,
What is human normal immunoglobulin,
What is specific immunoglobulin
32  cards
Hypersensitivity & Autoimmunity
What is an autoimmune disease,
What is loss of tolerence most li...,
What may autoimmune disease may a...
41  cards
Hypersensitivity & Autoimmunity 2
What is an autoimmune disease,
Provide examples of different way...,
Define hypersensitivity
20  cards
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1
What are antibiotics only active ...,
What are bactericidal,
What does sensitive mean
64  cards
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2
What are some commonly used b lac...,
What does benzyl penicillin act a...,
What does amoxicillin and ampicil...
69  cards
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 3
What has no action against fungi,
What are the classes of anti fung...,
How do polyenes act
24  cards
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1
Define bactericidal,
Define bacteriostatic,
Define sensitive
63  cards
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2
What class of drug does daptomyci...,
What is the standard length of an...,
What are the three ways antibioti...
158  cards
Tumour Pathology 1
What is a tumour,
What are the properties of the gr...,
What are the two types of tumours
35  cards
Tumour Pathology 1
What is a neoplasm,
Describe the growth of tumours,
What are the types of tumour
28  cards
Tumour Pathology 2
What are the 2 groups of genes th...,
What are some properties of cancers,
What is the altered function in c...
40  cards
Tumour Pathology 2
What are the altered genetic asso...,
What is the altered cellular func...,
Describe morphology
35  cards
Tumour Pathology 3
What are local effects of benign ...,
What are local effects of maligna...,
What tissue destruction may malig...
22  cards
Tumour Pathology 3
What are the local effects of ben...,
What is the symptom of anaemia,
What are the systemic effects of ...
15  cards
Tumour Pathology 4
What is mitosis,
What does mitotic division generate,
What is a cell cycle
61  cards
Tumour Pathology 4
What is the cell cycle defined as,
What are the external factors tha...,
When is the cell cycle dependant ...
28  cards
Tumour Pathology 5
What is carcinogenesis due to,
What are the 2 categories of norm...,
What are tumour suppressor genes
38  cards
Tumour Pathology 5
How do tumour suppressor genes fu...,
What is an anti oncogene,
What do mutations in retinoblasto...
27  cards
Acute Inflammation 1
What is acute inflammation,
What are signs of acute inflammation,
What are possible aetiology cause...
24  cards
Acute Inflammation 1
What are the signs of inflammation,
What are the causes of inflammation,
What is the microcirculation
20  cards
Acute Inflammation 2
What is inflammation named accord...,
How is inflammation named,
What is inflammation of the lungs...
56  cards
Acute Inflammation 2
What is the name of inflammation ...,
What do neutrophils do,
What do the granules do that neut...
50  cards
Chronic Inflammation 1
What is chronic inflammation,
What does chronic inflammation fe...,
What may chronic inflammation ari...
30  cards
Chronic Inflammation 2
What is granulomatous inflammatio...,
What is granulomatous inflammatio...,
What can the cause of granulomato...
44  cards
Outline of Disease Processes in Cancer
What are most cancers in terms of...,
What does monoclonal mean,
How do cancer cells divide
47  cards
An outline of cancer process
What does a monoclonal cancer mean,
Which stage of the cell cycle can...,
Describe the activity of cancer c...
25  cards
Chemotherapy
What are treatment options for ca...,
What are the steps of the cell cycle,
What happens during g1 gap 1
55  cards
Chemotherapy
How do alkylating agents work,
Give examples of alkylating agents,
What do antimetabolites mimic
15  cards
Therapeutic Options in Cancer
What do therapeutic options for c...,
What are prevention options for c...,
What are treatment options for ca...
53  cards
Therapeutic Options in Cancer 2
What is crc colorectal cancer lin...,
What is breast cancer linked to i...,
What is the current advice for diet
26  cards
Circulation : Thrombosis
What is the lining of an artery c...,
What is found around the basal la...,
What is found around the smooth m...
67  cards
Pathology - Circulation
What lines the lumen of blood ves...,
What is around the basal lamina o...,
What is around the smooth muscle ...
63  cards
Circulatory Shock
What is circulatory shock,
What are the 3 main types of circ...,
Normal blood pressure
12  cards
Chromosomes
Cell Cycle & Chromosome Structure + Chromatin and Karyotypes + Meiosis and X Inactivation
87  cards
Chromosome & Cell Division 1
Where are the telomeres of a chro...,
What is the end replication problem,
How do eukaryotes solve the end r...
4  cards
Chromosome & Cell Division 2
What are the stages of the cell c...,
What are the different stages of ...,
What happens during the g1 stage ...
30  cards
Chromosome Mutations + Abnormalities
What are the three different type...,
What is the result of non disjunc...,
What is trisomy 21 known as
42  cards
Mendelian Inheritance
What does a normal chromosome con...,
What do mutations in genes do,
What is an example of a disease a...
28  cards
Mendelian Inheritance
What are the features of autosoma...,
What are the features of autosoma...,
Give an example of a dominant aut...
6  cards
Mendelian Inheritance
What is the p arm on a chromosome,
What is the q arm on a chromosome,
Mendelian inheritance
13  cards
Non-Mendelian Inheritance (Genetic Basis of Complex Inheritance)
What is complex inheritance,
What are some inheritance pattern...,
What is incomplete penetrance
26  cards
Non-Mendelian Inheritance (Genetic Basis of Complex Inheritance)
What are the three laws of mendel...,
What is non mendelian inheritance,
What is the mechanism for the fol...
37  cards
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
Define incomplete penetrance,
Sporadic cases occur due to,
Imprinting occurs due to
32  cards
Storing and Using Genetic Information
What is a phenotype,
What is a genotype,
Why are proteins functionally dif...
68  cards
Storing and Using Genetic Information
Which carbon is responsible for t...,
Which base swaps in with thymine ...,
What takes place in the nucleus
17  cards
Mutations & Genetic Analysis
What are the different kinds of c...,
When does first trimester begin a...,
What percentage of miscarriages d...
83  cards
Estimating Risk of Inherited Genetic Disease
What is fitness,
What can affect fitness,
What are the 3 different kinds of...
37  cards
Estimating Risk of Inherited Genetic Disease
What is meant by fitness,
What is an allele that increases ...,
What is a neutral allele
18  cards
Genetic Predisposition to Cancer
What do a small proportions of ca...,
What are the 2 different kinds of...,
Where to somatic mutations occur
45  cards
Genetic Predisposition to Cancer
What are somatic mutations,
What are germline mutations,
What is the function pf proto onc...
35  cards
Medical Genetics in the Clinic
What do most genetic referals rel...,
What does the clinical assessment...,
What are examples of genetic tests
18  cards
Drug Therapy : Absorption
What is pharmaceutical process,
What is pharmacokinetic process,
What is pharmacodynamics process
62  cards
Drug Absorption
Define pharmaceutical process,
Define pharmacokinetic process,
Define pharmacodynamic process
44  cards
Drug Therapy : Distribution
What needs to happen to a drug on...,
What is drug distribution,
What is tissue distribution impac...
57  cards
Drug Distribution
What does drug distribution refer to,
What does tissue distribution dep...,
What can be said about an unbound...
28  cards
Drug Therapy : Drug Metabolism
What is the effect of metabolism,
What happens to lipid soluble sub...,
Purpose of metabolism
22  cards
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
What is drug metabolism,
What does metabolism limit,
What substances are excreted
64  cards
Drug Therapy : Drug Interaction
What is a drug interaction,
What are different things involve...,
What is the object drug
64  cards
Drug Interaction
What is defined as drug drug inte...,
When has a drug interaction occured,
Define object drug
20  cards
Drug Therapy : Adverse Drug Reactions
What are adverse drug reactions,
What is prophylaxis,
Adverse drug reactions are the wh...
74  cards
Drug Therapy : Drug Delivery Systems
What are different kinds of drug ...,
What are different forms of drugs...,
What are soppositories
48  cards
Drug Delivery
How can drug formulation affect t...,
What determines the drug delivery...,
What factors do we consider to de...
40  cards
Drug Therapy : Prescribing Errors
What is defined as a medication e...,
What are the four most common typ...,
When are health care professional...
15  cards
Clinical Trials
What do clinical trials provide e...,
How many prescriptions do gps giv...,
How much does the nhs spend on dr...
44  cards
Clinical Trial
Why are clinical trials important,
What is defined as pre clinical d...,
What is phase 1 of clinical devel...
15  cards
Clinical Trial Design
Why are clinical trials important,
4 examples of drug treatments bas...,
Investigating potential drugs 5
36  cards
Imaging in Cancer
What are different kinds of imagi...,
What are conventional cancer diag...,
What is a radio opaque used from ...
33  cards
Imaging in Inflammatory Disorders & Infection
What are different kinds of molec...,
What is gamma radation,
What is radiopharmaceuticals
25  cards
Diagnostic Techniques
How many diagnoses involve pathology,
How many different disciplines ma...,
Name some disciplines of pathology
20  cards
Injuries to the Body
Define injury,
Define lesion,
Defect
18  cards
Post Mortem Changes
What is death defined as,
Why does cellular death occur aft...,
Why does the body cool after death
18  cards
Post Mortem Changes
Early post mortem changes,
Late post mortem changes 4,
Post mortem changes
36  cards
Post Mortem Changes
What is death defined as,
Why does cellular death occur aft...,
Why does the body cool after death
18  cards
Post Mortem Changes
What is death,
What happens after cardiovascular...,
What happens after cellular death
46  cards

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