文化与翻译

Question 1

US

Answer 1

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:

Question 2

UK

Answer 2

Pragmatics: the study of language in use and linguistic communication
人们说一句话至少要完成三种行为之一种：
言内行为(locutionary act)
A locutionary act is the act of making a meaningful utterance.
言外行为(illocutionary act)
The term illocutionary act refers to the use of a sentence to express an attitude with a certain function or “force. They carry a certain urgency and appeal to the meaning and direction of the speaker.
言后行为(perlocutionary act)
A perlocutionary act is a speech act that produces an effect, intended or not, achieved in an addressee by a speaker’s utterance.

Question 3

USSR

Answer 3

国情语言学

Question 4

汉英词汇和跨文化交际

Answer 4

重合、平行、全空缺、半空缺、冲突词汇

Question 5

汉英句法与跨文化交际

Answer 5

1. 形合与意合(parataxis vs. hypotaxis)

2. 形态语和无形态语(inflectional vs. non-inflectional)

Question 6

parataxis vs. hypotaxis

Answer 6

Parataxis is a rhetorical term in which phrases and clauses are placed one after another independently, without coordinating or subordinating them through the use of conjunctions.
Hypotaxis means subordination of one clause to another, or when the clauses are coordinated or subordinated to one another within sentences.

Question 7

inflectional vs. non-inflectional

Answer 7

Inflectional language uses modification of words to convey their different grammatical categories in the sentence, such as part of speech, person, number, etc.
Non-inflectional language primarily conveys relationships between words in sentences by way of helper words (particles, prepositions, etc.) and word order.

Question 8

汉英语用与跨文化交际

Answer 8

pragmatic failures in intercultural communication:
1. Pragmalinguistic failure 语言语用失败
Pragmalinguistic failure is defined as “a misunderstanding of the intended illocutionary, or pragmatic, force of an utterance”
2. Sociopragmatic failure 社交语用失败
Sociopragmatic failure is defined as “social conditions placed on language in use”
合作原则(The Cooperative Principle)
Cooperative Principle describes how listeners and speakers must act cooperatively and mutually accept one another to be understood in a particular way.
1. 质的准则（Quality）
Try to make your contribution one that is true.
2. 量的准则（Quantity）
Make your contribution as informative as is required, do not exceed the requirement.
3. 相关准则（Relevance）
Be relevant.
4. 方式准则（the Maxim of Manner）
To be brief and orderly, and to avoid ambiguity and obscurity.

Question 9

汉英篇章与跨文化交际：

Answer 9

1. 螺旋型与直线型(linear vs. spiral)
2. 读者责任型和作者责任型(relative reader responsibility vs. relative writer responsibility)
3. 铺陈堆砌和简洁明了(flowery vs. concise)