0-1 Chapter 14 Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

Question

falx cerebelli

Answer 1

separates the right and left halves of cerebellum

Answer 2

–transparent membrane over brain surface –subarachnoid space separates it from pia mater below –subdural space separates it from dura mater above in some places

Answer 3

–very thin membrane that follows contours of brain, even dipping into sulci –not usually visible without a microscope

Answer 4

inflammation of the meninges –serious disease of infancy & childhood –especially between 3 months and 2 years of age •caused by bacterial and virus invasion of the CNS by way of the nose and throat •pia mater and arachnoid are most often affected

Answer 5

can cause swelling the brain, enlarging the ventricles, and hemorrhage

Answer 6

four internal chambers within the brain

Answer 7

spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor of each ventricle

Answer 8

neuroglia that lines the ventricles and covers choroid plexus –produces cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 9

clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of CNS –bathes its external surface

Answer 10

–driven by its own pressure, beating of ependymal cilia, and pulsations of the brain produced by each heartbeat

Answer 11

arachnoid villi

Answer 12

–cauliflower-shaped extension of the arachnoid meninx –protrudes through dura mater –into superior sagittal sinus –CSF penetrates the walls of the villi and mixes with the blood in the sinus

Answer 13

buoyancy | protection

Answer 14

–allows brain to attain considerable size without being impaired by its own weight –if it rested heavily on floor of cranium, the pressure would kill the nervous tissue

Answer 15

–protects the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted –shaken child syndrome and concussions do occur from severe jolting

Answer 16

–flow of CSF rinses away metabolic wastes from nervous tissue and homeostatically regulates its chemical environment

Answer 17

brain is only 2% of the adult body weight, and receives 15% of the blood –750 mL/min

Answer 18

strictly regulates what substances can get from the bloodstream into the tissue fluid of the brain •two points of entry must be guarded: –blood capillaries throughout the brain tissue –capillaries of the choroid plexus

Answer 19

protects blood capillaries throughout brain tissue –consists of tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls –astrocytes reach out and contact capillaries with their perivascular feet

Answer 20

exclude harmful substances from passing to the brain tissue while allowing necessary ones to pass

Answer 21

protects the brain at the choroid plexus –form tight junctions between the ependymal cells –tight junctions are absent from ependymal cells elsewhere •important to allow exchange between brain tissue and CSF

Answer 22

water, glucose, and lipid-soluble substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and anesthetics

Answer 23

to sodium, potassium, chloride, and the waste products urea and creatinine

Answer 24

(CVOs) –places in the third and fourth ventricles where the barrier is absent •blood has direct access to the brain

Answer 25

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 26

* begins at foramen magnum of the skull * extends for about 3 cm rostrally and ends at a groove between the medulla and pons * slightly wider than spinal cord

Answer 27

* all nerve fibers connecting the brain to the spinal cord pass through the medulla * four pairs of cranial nerves begin or end in medulla -IX, X, XI, XII

Answer 28

pair of external ridges on anterior surface contain descending fibers called corticospinal tracts –carry motor signals to skeletal muscles

Answer 29

* cardiac center * vasomotor center * respiratory centers * reflex centers

Answer 30

–adjusts rate and force of heart

Answer 31

–adjusts blood vessel diameter

Answer 32

–control rate and depth of breathing

Answer 33

for coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, salivation, sweating, movements of tongue and head

Answer 34

relay center for signals to cerebellum

Answer 35

loose network of nuclei extending throughout the medulla, pons and midbrain –contains cardiac, vasomotor & respiratory centers

Answer 36

develops into the pons and cerebellum

Answer 37

anterior bulge in brainstem, rostral to medulla

Answer 38

connect cerebellum to pons and midbrain

Answer 39

* ascending sensory tracts * descending motor tracts * pathways in and out of cerebellum

Answer 40

V, VI, VII, and VIII

Answer 41

hearing, equilibrium, taste, facial sensations

Answer 42

eye movement, facial expressions, chewing, swallowing, urination, and secretion of saliva and tears

Answer 43

reticular formation in pons contains additional nuclei concerned with: –sleep, respiration, and posture

Answer 44

–short segment of brainstem that connects the hindbrain to the forebrain –contains cerebral aqueduct –contains continuations of the medial lemniscus and reticular formation

Answer 45

contains the motor nuclei of two cranial nerves that control eye movements –CN III (oculomotor) and CN IV (trochlear)

Answer 46

roof-like part of the midbrain posterior to cerebral aqueduct

Answer 47

two stalks that anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem anterior to the cerebral aqueduct

Answer 48

tegmentum, substantia nigra, and cerebral crus

Answer 49

* dominated by the red nucleus | * connections go to and from cerebellum

Answer 50

* dark gray to black nucleus pigmented with melanin | * motor center that relays inhibitory signals to thalamus & basal nuclei preventing unwanted body movement

Answer 51

* bundle of nerve fibers that connect the cerebrum to the pons * carries corticospinal tracts

Answer 52

loosely organized web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of the brainstem •clusters of gray matter scattered throughout pons, midbrain and medulla •occupies space between white fiber tracts and brainstem nuclei •has connections with many areas of cerebrum

Answer 53

``` somatic motor control cardiovascular control pain modulation***************** sleep and consciousness habituation ```

Answer 54

allow eyes to track and fixate on objects

Answer 55

the largest part of the hindbrain and the second largest part of the brain as a whole •consists of right and left cerebellar hemispheres connected by vermis •contains more than half of all brain neurons, about 100 billion

Answer 56

three pairs of stalks that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem

Answer 57

* monitors muscle contractions and aids in motor coordination * evaluation of sensory input * timekeeping center * hearing * planning and scheduling tasks

Answer 58

–the diencephalon | –the telencephalon

Answer 59

the “gateway to the cerebral cortex” –nearly all input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in the thalamic nuclei, filters information on its way to cerebral cortex –plays key role in motor control by relaying signals from cerebellum to cerebrum and providing feedback loops between the cerebral cortex and the basal nuclei –involved in the memory and emotional functions of the limbic system

Answer 60

major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system –plays essential roll in homeostatic regulation of all body systems

Answer 61

``` –hormone secretion –autonomic effects –thermoregulation –food and water intake –produce sensations of hunger and satiety –rhythm of sleep and waking –memory –emotional behavior ```

Answer 62

very small mass of tissue composed of: –pineal gland –endocrine gland –habenula–relay from the limbic system to the midbrain

Answer 63

largest and most conspicuous part of the human brain | –seat of sensory perception, memory, thought, judgment, and voluntary motor actions

Answer 64

–voluntary motor functions | –motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression

Answer 65

–receives and integrates general sensory information, taste and some visual processing

Answer 66

–primary visual center of brain

Answer 67

–areas for hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion

Answer 68

–understanding spoken language, taste and sensory information from visceral receptors

Answer 69

most of the volume of cerebrum is white matter –glia and myelinated nerve fibers transmitting signals from one region of the cerebrum to another and between cerebrum and lower brain centers

Answer 70

projection tracts, commissural tracts, association tracts

Answer 71

connect different lobes of a hemisphere to each other

Answer 72

connect different gyri within a single lobe

Answer 73

layer covering the surface of the hemispheres –only 2 –3 mm thick –cortex constitutes about 40% of the mass of the brain –contains 14 –16 billion neurons

Answer 74

–cerebral cortex –basal nuclei –limbic system

Answer 75

is carried out in the gray matter of the cerebrum

Answer 76

stellate cells | pyramidal cells. -only neurons that leave the cortex and connect with other parts of the CNS

Answer 77

Involved in motor control

Answer 78

Creates emotions cingulate gyrus – – hippocampus – amygdala

Answer 79

sleep, memory, cognition, emotion, sensation, motor control, and language

Answer 80

(EEG) –monitors surface electrical activity of the brain waves

Answer 81

rhythmic voltage changes resulting from synchronized postsynaptic potentials at the superficial layer of the cerebral cortex

Answer 82

awake and resting with eyes closed and mind wandering | –suppressed when eyes open or performing a mental task

Answer 83

–eyes open and performing mental tasks | –accentuated during mental activity and sensory stimulation

Answer 84

–drowsy or sleeping adults | –if awake and under emotional stress

Answer 85

–deep sleep in adults

Answer 86

circadian rhythms | –events that reoccur at intervals of about 24 hours

Answer 87

temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated

Answer 88

inhibition of muscular activity

Answer 89

states of prolonged unconsciousness where individuals cannot be aroused from those states by sensory stimulation

Answer 90

high spikes resulting from interactions between neurons | of the thalamus and cerebral cortex

Answer 91

EEG dominated by low-frequency, high amplitude delta waves

Answer 92

controlled by a complex interaction between the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and reticular formation HYPOTHALAMUS

Answer 93

In hypothalamus another important control center for sleep

Answer 94

feel drowsy, close our eyes, begin to relax

Answer 95

pass into light sleep

Answer 96

moderate to deep sleep

Answer 97

called slow-wave-sleep(SWS) –EEG dominated by low-frequency, high amplitude delta waves

Answer 98

the range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge

Answer 99

constitutes about 75% of all brain tissue

Answer 100

perceiving stimuli

Answer 101

identifying stimuli

Answer 102

planning our responses and personality

Answer 103

acquiring new information

Answer 104

information storage and retrieval

Answer 105

eliminating trivial information; as important as remembering

Answer 106

defects in declarative memory –inability to describe past events

Answer 107

unable to store new information

Answer 108

– cannot recall things they knew before the injury

Answer 109

ability to tie your shoes

Answer 110

important memory-forming center | Does not store memories

Answer 111

emotional memory

Answer 112

seat of judgment, intent, and control over expression of emotions

Answer 113

sites where sensory input is first received and one becomes conscious of the stimulus

Answer 114

limited to the head and employ relatively complex sense organs

Answer 115

``` vision •hearing •equilibrium •taste smell ```

Answer 116

general (somesthetic, somatosensory, or somatic) senses –distributed over the entire body and employ relatively simple receptors

Answer 117

diagram of the primary somesthetic cortex which resembles an upside-down sensory map of the contralateral side of the body •shows receptors in the lower limbs projecting to the superior and medial parts of the gyrus

Answer 118

the point-to-point correspondence between an area of the body and an area of the CNS

Answer 119

the intention to contract a muscle begins in motor association (premotor) area of frontal lobes

Answer 120

pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus are called upper motor neurons

Answer 121

in the brainstem or spinal cord, the fibers from upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons whose axons innervate the skeletal muscles

Answer 122

basal nuclei | cerebellum

Answer 123

language include several abilities: reading, writing, speaking, and understanding words assigned to different regions of the cerebral cortex

Answer 124

Understanding and planning Plan sent to Broca for execution permits recognition of spoken and written language and creates plan of speech

Answer 125

Plan for the muscles movement generates motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips

Answer 126

any language deficit from lesions in same hemisphere (usually left) containing the Wernicke and Broca areas

Answer 127

can speak normally and understand speech, but cannot identify written words or pictures

Answer 128

the difference in the structure and function of the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 129

categorical hemisphere –specialized for spoken and written language –sequential and analytical reasoning (math and science) –breaks information into fragments and analyzes it in a linear way

Answer 130

representational hemisphere –perceives information in a more integrated holistic way –seat of imagination and insight –musical and artistic skill –perception of patterns and spatial relationships –comparison of sights, sounds, smells, and taste

Answer 131

–most of the input and output travels by way of the spinal cord –12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from the base of the brain –exit the cranium through foramina –lead to muscles and sense organs located mainly in the head and neck

Answer 132

most cranial nerves carry fibers between brainstem and ipsilateral receptors and effectors

Answer 133

in nuclei of brainstem and lead to glands and muscles

Answer 134

head and neck and lead mainly to the brainstem

Answer 135

some cranial nerves are classified as motor, some sensory, others mixed

Answer 136

(I, II, and VIII)

Answer 137

(III, IV, VI, XI, and XII) | •stimulate muscle but also contain fibers of proprioception

Answer 138

(V, VII, IX, X) •sensory functions may be quite unrelated to their motor function –facial nerve (VII) has sensory role in taste and motor role in facial expression

Answer 139

``` Olfactory Nerve sense of smell Sensory Cribiform foramina Olfactory mucosa to olfactory bulbs to inferior medial of temporal lobe Ipsilateral ```

Answer 140

``` Optic Nerve provides vision Sensory Optic foramen Retina to thalamus and occipital lobe Hemidesicates ```

Answer 141

``` Oculomotor Nerve Motor Eye movements Midbrain to eye muscles and to the levator palpebrae superious (only one not innervated by facial nerve ) Superior orbital fissure Ipsilateral ```

Answer 142

``` Trochlear Nerve eye movement (superior oblique muscle) Motor Midbrain to superior oblique muscle of the eye Superior orbital fissure CONTRALATERAL ```

Answer 143

``` Trigeminal Nerve - mixed •largest of the cranial nerves •most important sensory nerve of the face •forks into three divisions: –ophthalmic division (V1) –sensory –maxillary division (V2) –sensory –mandibular division (V3) -mixed ```

Answer 144

``` Abducens Nerve Motor Pons to lateral rectus muscle Superior orbital fissure provides eye movement (lateral rectus m.) Ipsilateral ```

Answer 145

``` Facial Nerve Mixed Pons to facial muscles Style mastoid foramen Ipsilateral Main nerve for facial expression Carrying taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue ```

Answer 146

``` Vestibulocochlear Nerve Sensory Ipsilateral Inner ear to pons Internal acoustic meatus hearing and equilibrium ```

Answer 147

Glossopharyngeal Nerve Mixed Medula to Jugular foramen swallowing, salivation, gagging, control of BP and respiration •sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue

Answer 148

Vagus Nerve Mixed Attaches to medula down to large intestine Jugular foramen Most important parasympathetic •most extensive distribution of any cranial nerve Carries taste from cheeks, •major role in the control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, and urinary function •swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera

Answer 149

``` Accessory Nerve Motor Medula to trapezius, SCM and paletioglossis Jugular foramen Ipsilateral ``` swallowing, head, neck and shoulder movement

Answer 150

Hypoglossal Nerve Motor Medula to extrinsic muscles of the tongue Hypoglossal canal tongue movements for speech, food manipulation and swallowing

Answer 151

(tic douloureux) –recurring episodes of intense stabbing pain in trigeminal nerve area (near mouth or nose) –pain triggered by touch, drinking, washing face

Answer 152

degenerative disorder of facial nerve causes paralysis of facial muscles on one side

Answer 153

looks at increase in blood flow to an area (additional glucose is needed in active area)

Answer 154

increases in blood flow when brain areas are active –injection of radioactively labeled glucose •busy areas of brain “light up”

Answer 155

Oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacations are heavenly - names Some say marry money but my brother says bad business marry money - functions

Answer 156

nonfluent (Broca) aphasia – lesion in Broca area – slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, using words that only approximate the correct word

Answer 157

– lesion in Wernicke area – speech normal and excessive, but uses jargon that makes little sense – cannot comprehend written and spoken words • anomic aphasia – can speak normally and understand speech, but cannot identify written words or pictures

0-1 Chapter 14 Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

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