1/12/2016 Spinal Questions

Question 1

How many joints are traditionally observed at each lumbar vertebral body

Answer 1

L1-L5 = six each

Question 2

What is the the inferior articular facet orientation at each lumbar vertebra?

Answer 2

L1-L5 = forward, downward, lateral (FoLD)

Question 3

What part of the sacral all is derived from the costal element?

Answer 3

The anterior two-thirds

Question 4

The costal element and true transverse process of sacrum unite to form what feature?

Answer 4

Sacral Ala

Question 5

How many fibrous (Amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?

Answer 5

Four

Question 6

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?

Answer 6

Five

Question 7

What muscle(s) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?

Answer 7

Psoas major

Question 8

What is the reported angulation of the first sacral articular facets?

Answer 8

They lie vertically in the coronal plane

Question 9

What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?

Answer 9

The zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1

Question 10

What is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?

Answer 10

Backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave

Question 11

What is the name given to the projection on the first sacral superior articular process?

Answer 11

Mammillary process

Question 12

From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of sacrum will be replaced by what feature?

Answer 12

Transverse ridges

Question 13

An imaginary line drawn along the dorsal midline of sacrum is identified as the __________.

Answer 13

Median sacral crest

Question 14

What forms the median sacral crest?

Answer 14

Fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles

Question 15

What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?

Answer 15

Knife Clasp Syndrome

Question 16

An imaginary line drawn from the superior articular process of S1 to the sacral Cornu will form what feature?

Answer 16

Immediate sacral crest

Question 17

What forms the intermediate sacral crest?

Answer 17

Fused articular processes and their facets

Question 18

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

Answer 18

The mammillary process of S1 and the sacral Cornu of S5

Question 19

What is the remnant of the inferior articular process and facet of S5?

Answer 19

The sacral Cornu

Question 20

What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?

Answer 20

The sacral hiatus

Question 21

What forms the lateral sacral crest?

Answer 21

The fused transverse processes and transverse tubercles from S1 to S5

Question 22

What is the sacral tuberosity?

Answer 22

The enlarged transverse tubercle of S2

Question 23

What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?

Answer 23

The accessory sacral-iliac joint

Question 24

What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of sacrum?

Answer 24

Iliac us

Question 25

What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

Answer 25

Auricular surface

Question 26

What classification of joint is formed by the Auricular surface of sacrum?

Answer 26

Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

Question 27

What feature does the anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1 form?

Answer 27

The sacral promontory

Question 28

What ligament is attached to the sacral hiatus?

Answer 28

The superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 29

how many synovial joints are typically present at sacrum?

Answer 29

Four

Question 30

What joint classifications are typically present at sacrum?

Answer 30

Fibrous (Amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis, cartilaginous (Amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

Question 31

How many synovial joints are maximally observed at each lumbar vertebra?

Answer 31

L1-L5 = four each

Question 32

What forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

Answer 32

Sacral Cornu, coccygeal Cornu, superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament

Question 33

What forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

Answer 33

Vertebral body S5, vertebral body Co1, deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc

Question 34

What is the homologous for the posterior longitudinal ligament at S5?

Answer 34

Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 35

What is the homolog for the anterior longitudinal ligament at S5?

Answer 35

Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 36

What is the homolog for the ligament flavum at S5?

Answer 36

Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 37

What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?

Answer 37

The Union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments

Question 38

What ligaments is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments at Co1?

Answer 38

The posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 39

What ligament is a homolog of the intertransverse ligament at S5?

Answer 39

Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 40

What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?

Answer 40

Sacrospinous ligament

Question 41

Which ligament has broad attachment along the lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischia like tuberosity?

Answer 41

Sacrotuberous ligament

Question 42

Which ligament represents a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the sacrococcygeal-iliac joint?

Answer 42

Anterior sacro-iliac ligament

Question 43

Which ligament is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments and is penetrated by the dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves?

Answer 43

Interosseous sacro-iliac ligament

Question 44

Which ligament will attach the intermediate sacral crest of S1, lateral sacral crest of S2 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

Answer 44

Short posterior sacro-iliac ligament

Question 45

Which ligament attaches the lateral sacral crest of S3 and S4 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

Answer 45

Long posterior sacro-iliac ligament

Question 46

What is the homolog for the capsular Ligament at S5?

Answer 46

Intercornual ligament

Question 47

What is the number of coccygeal somites?

Answer 47

Ten

Question 48

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?

Answer 48

4 segments

Question 49

When is ossification of coccyx completed?

Answer 49

About age 30

Question 50

What is the direction of fusion off coccygeal segments?

Answer 50

From caudal to cranial, the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2

Question 51

What is the direction of fusion of coccygeal segments?

Answer 51

From caudal to cranial, the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2

Question 52

What is the direction of the coccygeal curve?

Answer 52

Posterior (Kyphotic)

Question 53

What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?

Answer 53

Flexion-extension, 5-20 degrees

Question 54

How many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus?

Answer 54

Typically 5 pairs of coccygeal nerves are present

Question 55

How many coccygeal nerves are present in the adult?

Answer 55

Typically only one pair of coccygeal nerves remain in the adult

Question 56

What forms the coccygeal nerve plexus?

Answer 56

S4, S5 and Co1 nerves

Question 57

What is the ganglion impar?

Answer 57

A midline sympathetic ganglion

Question 58

What innervates the coccygeal glom us or coccygeal body?

Answer 58

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are identified