1) Cells, microscopes and mitosis Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
Name some examples of unicellular organisms
A
Amoeba
Yeast
Bacteria
Consists of 1 cell that performs all the life processes
2
Q
Multicellular organisms such as humans and animals perform which 7 life processes
A
Movement Respiration Stimuli Growth Reproduction Excretion Nutrition
3
Q
In which way is each cell like a factory
A
- It has a control centre which tells it what to do
- There is a power plant for generating energy
- Different machinery makes products and performs services by taking in raw products and excreting finished product and waste
4
Q
Each type of cell is…..
A
Uniquely suited for its function
5
Q
What process allows your cells to reproduce ?
A
Mitosis
6
Q
Name 2 types of microscopes
A
Electron microscope
Compound light microscope
7
Q
Name 2 types of electron microscopes
A
TEM transmission electron microscope - sees inside cells 2d
SEM Scanning electron microscope - sees outside 3D
8
Q
Cells are measured in
A
Micrometers
1 micrometer = 0.001mm
9
Q
Organelles are measured in
A
Nano meters
1 nano meter = 0.001 nanometers
10
Q
A compound microscope has which two lenses ?
A
Objective lens
Eye piece
11
Q
To calculate magnification…
Lens1 =10x
Lens2 =30x
A
Multiply them together
10x30= 300
12
Q
Be able label the parts of microscope
A
Body tube Rotating nose piece Ocular lens Low power objective lens Medium power objective lens High power objective lens Stage clips Diaphragm and iris Light source Arm Stage Course focus Fine focus Base
13
Q
Similar cells group together to form
A
Tissue
14
Q
Different tissues join together to form
A
Organs
15
Q
Organs work together to form
A
Organ systems
16
Q
Many organ systems make up
A
Living organism
17
Q
Hierarchy of systems
A
Cells- tissue- organ - system- organism
18
Q
Give an example for each Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
A
Cell- red blood cell Tissue - muscle ,skin Organ - heart Organ system - respitory system - reproductive Organism - kitty cat
19
Q
What is different between an organ and an organism
A
Organ is part of an organism
Organ is smaller that organism
20
Q
Smallest unit of life…2
A
Prokaryotic - no nucleus - bacteria
Eukaryotic - with nucleus- plant , animal
21
Q
Inorganic compounds in the cytoplasm
A
Water Na O N Fe Ca
22
Q
Organic compounds in cytoplasm
A
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
23
Q
Cell wall
A
Thick rigid layer that surrounds plant cell
24
Q
Cell membrane
A
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
25
Endoplasmic reticulum
Helps transport the proteins made from the ribosomes
Cell communication and transportation of molecules
26
Lysosomes
Help to break down the unneeded or old parts of the cell or substances that have been brought into the cell from outside .( digestion) only in animal cells
27
Nucleus
Holds the Dna of the cell
28
Chloroplast
Converts energy from sun into sugar
29
Mitochondrion
Produces the energy to fuel the cells activity
30
Vacuole
Large fluid filled space that stores food
31
Golgi body
AIDS in packaging and distribution of proteins
32
Nucleolus
Makes the parts needed to make ribosomes
33
Centrioles
Assists in cell division
(Mitosis)
Only in animal cells
34
Organisms can be split up into two groups....
Unicellular
| Bicellular
35
Ribosomes
Consists of 60%r
rna and 40% protein
Protein production machine for the cell
36
Rna - ribosomes nuclei can acid
Transmits genetic information from Dna to the cytoplasm
37
Cell membrane is a bi-layer of
Pospholipids
38
What is scattered throughout the membrane in a mosaic pattern
Proteins
39
The main part of the membrane is...
Lipids ...oils and fats
40
Cell membrane ...
Made up of phospholipids
Has proteins which allow things in and out
Lipids
Is not rigid gives cell its shape
41
Cell membrane function
Acts like a gate ...allow things in and out
Semi permeable
Selectively Permeable
42
Know diagram of cell membrane
```
Lipid bilayer
Transport protein
Phospholipids
Proteins
Carbohydrate chains
```
43
Cytoplasm structure
```
Clear jelly like ..cytosol
Liquid jelly- sol
Solid jelly-gel
Consists mostly of water
Fills inside of the cell
```
44
Cytoplasm function
Chemical activities ( metabolism) take place here
Circulates substances around the cell - cyclosis
Holds all the organelles
45
Organelles
Specialised structures inside cells that perform a unique job helping the cell to function properly
46
Function of the Nucleus
Control centre
| Contains hereditary information
47
Nucleus structure and component functions
1.Nuclear envelope - double membrane
semi permeable - acts like a gate
2.nucleoplasm - gel
3.nuclear pore-allows certain molecules through and not others
4. Nucleolus - ( RNA- produces protein )
5. Chromatic network - Dna - hereditary information
48
Human cells contain ......chromosomes
46
49
Hereditary traits
```
Eye colour
Hair colour
Ear lobes
Balding
Height
```
50
Structure of the Mitochondrion
Surrounded my double membrane
The inner membrane is folded into cristae to increase surface area for respiration
Matrix- contains ribosomes
51
Mitochondrion function
Power house of the cell
| Responsible for cellular respiration
52
Cellular respiration formula
Glucose +oxygen ---carbon dioxide +water+ ATP energy
53
Explain the respiration process
Digested food is absorbed my small intestines and transported through blood to the cells.
Blood also transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells and removes co2 from cells back to lungs
In the mitochondria oxygen combines with digested food molecules in the process of respiration - folded cristae allow for more surface area.
Energy is released as a product of respiration allowing for the 7 processes of life
54
How is the structure of the cristae suited to its function
The fact that it is folded means that there is more surface area for respiration
55
Vacuole surrounded by a semi permeable membrane called a
Tonoplast
56
2 types of vacuoles
Animal cell vacuoles - small store nutrients
| Plant cell vacuoles - large central vacuole filled with fluid called cell sap
57
Plant cell vacuole function
Gives cell shape , structure , and colour
58
Turgid
| Flaccid
Vacuole full of cell sap
| Vacuole with no cell sap
59
Function of cell wall
Supports , strengthens , and protects, gives cell rigid shape
60
Structure of cell wall
Cell wall contains cellulose
Cellulose is a carbohydrate digestible to herbivores
Secondary cell walls contain lignin ( additional support)
Totally permeable - allows everything through
Pits- thinner areas of cell wall
Plasmodesmato- channels in the cell wall where cytoplasmic strands go from one cell to next
The middle lamella joins two adjacent cells ( like plaster between two bricks)
Middle lamella is made of pectin
61
Name two structures in the cell wall that assist in communication between cells
Plasmadesmata
| Pits
62
Function of the middle lamella
Acts like cement
63
Middle lamella is made of and what is its function
Pectin
| Structure and support
64
Why is cellulose important to herbivores but has no nutritional value for humans ?
It is a carbohydrate but humans can't digest it and it just passes through like fibre whereas animals can digest it and gain energy from it
65
Chloroplast
Chloro- colour
Plast -
Gives plants their green colour
Responsible for photosynthesis
66
Photosynthesis formula
Co2 +H2O ----light energy----glucose +O2
67
Name a plant organ
Leaf
68
Stroma
Semiliquid inside chloroplast
69
Thylakoid membrane
Compartment inside chloroplast- where light reaction for photosynthesis occurs
70
Granum
Green Stacks inside the chloroplast
71
Intergranum
Joins granum together
72
Chromo ----
| Plast -- from word ...
Colour
| Plastid ( plastids contain colour)
73
Why is colour important for plants?
Green Needed for photosynthesis
| Colour needed to attract insects for pollination
74
When fruit ripens the .....change to .....
Ovules change to fruit
