8) The Reproductive System Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
what are the other function of the reproductive system
A
to produce egg and sperm cells ( gametes )
to transport and sustain these cells
to nature the developing offspring
to produce hormones
2
Q
what are the primary reproductive organs
A
they are also called gonads. they consist of the ovaries and the testes
3
Q
what are the primary reproductive organs responsible for
A
for producing egg and sperm cells, and producing hormones
4
Q
where do the hormones function
A
in the maturation of the reproductive system and the development of sexual characteristics
5
Q
what are the secondary organs
A
all the ducts, organs and glands in the reproductive system.
6
Q
what is the function of the secondary organs
A
they transport the gametes and nurture the developing offspring
7
Q
what are the two main methods of reproduction
A
asexual reproductive and sexual reproduction
8
Q
what is asexual reproduction
A
the formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a single parent
9
Q
where s asexual reproduction common
A
in plants ( strawberries ) but it is not so common in animals
10
Q
what is sexual reproduction
A
the formation of new individuals from the genes of two separate gametes : one female and one male
11
Q
what are the gametes knows as in plants
A
pollen ( male )
ovules ( female )
12
Q
what are the gametes referred to in animals
A
sperm (male)
ovum (female)
13
Q
what happens during fertilization
A
the nucleus of the male gamete fuses with the nucleus of the female gamete to form a zygote, from which th enew individual will develop
14
Q
does sexual reproduction always involve sexual intercourse
A
no
15
Q
how many chromosomes does a sperm cell contain
A
23
16
Q
how many chromosomes does the ovum contain
A
23 chromosomes
17
Q
what happens to the chromosomes when the sperm fuses with the ovum
A
they form a zygote with 46 chromosomes
18
Q
what are the components of the male reproductive system
A
testes
glands
cords
penis
19
Q
what is the function of the testes
A
develop in abdominal cavity- move to scrotum before birth.
they have to be kept at a temperature a few degrees lower than body temperature to get maximum sperm production
20
Q
what happens if the testes do not move to the scrotum before birth
A
the male may become sterile
21
Q
how many testes are there
A
2
22
Q
what happens when males wear tight pants/ underwear
A
lowers sperm production. sperm get too high and die
23
Q
what do the testes look like
A
they are oval, contain lots of small tubules (seminiferous tubules)
24
Q
why are the seminiferous tubules coiled
A
to fit long tube into a small space
25
how many sperms do males produce on average per day
about 40-1800 million sperm
26
what do the testes produce
sperm and the hormone testosterone
27
what is the epididymis
the tube that exits the testes. mass of tightly coiled tubes
28
where do the epididymis lie
outside the testes
29
what happens in the epididymis
sperm matures here ( so that they can swim )
| also used for storage
30
what are the tubules that join to for one tubule called
vas deferens/ sperm duct
31
where is the sperm duct
in abdominal cavity
32
what is the spermatic cord made of
vas deferens + blood vessels + nerves + muscle layer = spermatic cord
33
how many sperm ducts are there
2, one in each testes
34
what does each sperm duct join to
a seminal vesicle at the base of the bladder
35
what do the sperm ducts do
they carry sperm from the epididymis
36
what does the seminal vesicle do
it secrete a thick, pale yellow fluid for nourishment and movement of sperm
37
what joins in the ejaculatory duct
vas deferens and seminal vesicle join
38
what does he ejaculatory duct do
it carries sperm
39
what does the ejaculatory duct join to
the urethra
40
where is the prostate gland
base of the ladder, under seminal vesicle
41
what does it secrete
alkaline fluid for movement of the sperm and neutralizes acids
42
what happens to the prostate gland when men get old
the gland enlarges and pushes against the urethra, which makes it difficult to urinate
43
what does the urethra connect to
the bladder and the out of penis
44
what does the bladder conduct
sperm and urine ( not at the same time )
45
what is the penis
it s a cylidrical organ that hangs in front of the scrotum
46
what does the penis consist of
connective tissue and spongy erectile tissue ( has blood spaces )
47
what happens during sexual arousal
blood flow to the connective tissue increases, fills the blood spaces, the organ becomes stiff and increases in size, which is called an erection.
48
what is the opposite of an erection
impotent
49
what is the body of the penis called
the shaft
50
what is the tip of the penis called
it is slightly enlarged and it is called the glans penis
51
what is the penis covered by
a loose skin called the foreskin
52
where does the urethra open to the outside world to
urogenital opening - for release of urine and semen/ seminal fluid
53
what is semen
cloudy white body fluid that is emitted from the urethra of the penis during ejaculation
54
what is the release of semen called
ejaculation
55
what happens when men ejaculate
the penis become flaccid again
56
what is semen made up of
most of the fluid in semen is made up of secretions from male reproductive organs
65% by seminal vesicle
30-35% by prostate
55% from testes and epididymis ( sperm )
57
what does semen contain
citric acid, free amino acids, fructose and minerals to give sperm energy
58
what is the average volume of semen produced during ejaculation
2-5 ml
59
how many sperms are in a single ejaculation
40-600 million sperm
60
what is the head, mid-piece and tail of a sperm called
flagellum
61
what des the head contain
acrosome= sac of enzymes which is important for penetration of the egg. cytoplasm and the nucleus
62
what does the mid-piece contain
anterior ( top ) part of the tail surrounded by a sac filled with mitochondria which provide energy for the sperm
63
what does the tail contain
microtubules- mostly proteins
| it is used to swim
64
what is testosterone essential for
maturing of the sperm
65
what are the effects of testosterone
```
secondary sexual characteristics (develop at puberty)
growth of hair
voice deepens
strong muscles
sex drive
aggression
baldness
```
66
what are the components of the female reproductive system
```
ovaries
ducts
uterus
vagina
vulva
```
67
where do the ovaries develop
in the abdominal cavity ( gonads
68
what shape are the ovaries
oal
69
how many ovaries are there
2
70
how are the ovaries held in place
with ligaments ( ovarian ligaments ) in the pelvis
71
what do the ovaries consist of
```
connective tissue
germ cells (immature ova)
```
72
what happens to one germ cell per month
it develops into a mature ovum in the ovary
73
what can germ cells function as
glands to produce female reproductive hormones
74
where is the Fallopian tube/ oviducts
they extend from the ovaries -> uterus
75
are the Fallopian tubes/oviducts connected to the ovaries
no, they end in funnel-shaped infundubulum with finger-like projections called fimbriae at the ends of the tubes. the fimbriae sweep over ovaries and pick up ovum that is released from the ovary
76
what happens in the Fallopian tube
fertilization occurs here
77
how does the ovum or developing embryo move along the Fallopian tube
by ciliary movement and tubular muscle contractions
78
what is the uterus
a thick-walled muscular organ
79
how big is the uterus
about the size of an inverted pear
80
what does the lining of the uterus do and what is it called
it is called the endometrium and it builds up into a thick, spongy, blood-rich lining
81
where does the embryo lie
it is embedded in the endometrium
82
what happens in the uterus
the foetus develops here
83
what happens if no fertilization takes place
the endometrium is expelled from the body (menstruation)
84
where is the cervix
it is the narrow end of the uterus ( bottom ) and is covered with hymen
85
what does the civix open to
the vagina/birth canal
86
what does the vaginal lining do
it is folded and it secretes mucous
87
what does the vagina receive during intercourse
the penis
88
what are the external organs
```
labium minus ( labia minora )- inner lips
labium majus ( labia majora )- outer lips
clitoris ( same tissue as penis- important for sexual stimulation)
```
89
what do oestrogen and progesterone develop
the secondary sexual characteristics during puberty
90
what are the secondary sexual characteristics that develop during puberty
```
breasts
growth of milk-duct system in breasts
growth of hair- armpits, pubic
widening of hips
menstruation
```
91
what are the other functions of oestrogen and progesterone
they prepare the uterus for implantation of embryo
maintain pregnancy
regulate menstruation
92
when do girls start menstruating
during puberty, between the ages of 11-14
93
how often does menstruation occur
about every 28 days
94
when does menstruation not occur
during pregnancy and after menopause
95
when does menstruation stop
during menopause, around the age of 50
96
what are the two key processes in the menstrual cycle
ovulation and mensruation
97
what is ovulation
when the ovum is released from an ovary
98
what is menstruation
when the endometrium comes away from the uterus ( if no embryo is implanted ) and passes out of the body through the vagina
99
what is the major function of the reproductive system
to ensure survival of the species.
100
how long does mensuration usually last
7 days
101
what happens in the first 5 days of the mensural cycle
uterus lining breaks down and mensuration occurs
102
what happens from day 6 to day 10
uterus lining thickens again
103
what happens from day 11 to day 18
ovulation
104
how long does ovulation usually last
about 14 days
105
what is the phase called that goes from day 1 to day 14
the follicular phase
106
what happens from day 9 to day 28
the uterus lining continues to thicken
107
what is the phase called that goes from day 15 to day 28
it is called the luteal phase
108
what are the stages of fertilization
```
ovulation
fertilization
cleavage
blastocyst
implantation
```
109
what happens during ovulation
the egg leaves the ovary
110
what happens during fertilization
the sperm's nucleus fuzes with the egg's nucleus
111
what happens during cleavage
2-cell stage
4-cell stage
8-cell stage
112
what happens during blastocyst
the divided cells collect at one side of the inside of the egg. the collected cells are called the inter cell mass
113
what happens during implantation
the egg implants itself in the endometrium
114
what does the baby look like after 4 weeks
there is the embryo and the yolk sac
115
\what does the baby look like after 12 weeks
the baby is in amniotic fluid and getting nutrients from the placenta through the umbilical cord
116
what is efface
thinner
117
what happens during birth
the muscular contractions of the uterus cause the cervix to dilate and become thinner. the amniotic sac will burst, releasing the amniotic fluid ( known as the water breaking )
118
what happens after many hours of uterine contraction
the cervix will have dilated enough for the baby to fit through ( 10 cm ) and then pushed out and through the birth canal ( vagina )
119
what happens after the baby is born
the uterine contractions will continue until the placenta and amniotic sac are delivered .
120
what is a natural birth
the baby is pushed out of the vagina
121
what is caesarian
the mother is under anesthetic and the baby is "cut" through the abdominal muscle
122
what is an epidural
the mother in labour receives an injection into the lower spine- this numbs the lower body. it is a natural birth, but the mother feels nothing
123
how are identical twins formed
the fertilized egg goes into the 2-cell stage. the single zygote divides into 2
124
how are fraternal twins formed
there are two fertilized eggs and both form a single zygote
125
what does STI stand for
sexually transmitted infections
126
how are STI's transmitted
mostly by sexual intercourse and sexual contact
127
what does HIV stand for
human immuno-deficiency virus
128
what does AIDS do to you
it attacks the immune system- white blood cells ( lymphocytes )
129
what are the three stages of AIDS
asymptomatic carrier
lymph nodes swell, weight loss, night sweats, fatigue, fever, diarrhea
nervous disorders, pneumonia, body can not fight infections
130
what is AIDS carried in
```
bodily fluids,
blood
semen
vaginal secretions
breast milk
cross placenta
```
131
what is Herpes
a virus
132
what are herpes symptoms
can have no syptoms
painful ulcers on genitals- heal and re-appear
fever, painful urinations, swollen lymph nodes
133
what happens if the mother is contaminated with herpes at birth
the baby can be infected with neurological disorders and eventually death
134
what is gonorrhea
bacteria
135
what are the male symptoms of gonorrhea
painful urination
thick, greenish-yellow discharge
the symptoms disappear
136
what can gonorrhea lead to
pelvic inflammatory diseas- influence the vas deferens and Fallopian tubes
137
can gonorrhea be healed
yes, but it can also then block tubes by scar tissue. this leads to infertility
138
wha happens if a woman is pregnant and has gonorrhea
if it goes untreated the baby can be born blind
139
what is syphilis
a bacteria
140
what are the tree stages of syphilis
they are seperated by latent period
ulcer on genitals
rash al over body-copper colour
cardiovascular and nervous system influenced
141
what can syphilis cause
mental retardation
blindness
walking with a shuffle
signs of insanity
142
what happens to a pregnant mother with syphilis
it can cross the placenta and harm the baby. there are no blood test available
143
what is the most deadly STI
HPV
144
what different organisms cause STI's
bacteria
viruses
parasites
145
what are the barrier methods of contraception
```
male condom
female condom
diaphragm
sponge with spermicide
inter uterine device ( IUD )
```
146
what are the hormonal methods of contraception
```
contraceptive pills
transdermal contraceptive patch
vaginal ring
inter uterine device
emergency contraceptive pill
```
147
what are the surgical methods of contraception
tubular ligation
vasectomy
hysterectomy
148
what are the STI's
AIDS
herpes
gonorrhea
syphilis
