4) The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
What happens when the cells are deprived of these necessities
A
They undergo irreversible changes that lead to death,
2
Q
What is the cardiovascular system responsible for
A
It is responsible for transporting oxygenated blood and other substances around the body.
3
Q
How many litres of blood does the common adult heart pump
A
About 5 litres per minute
4
Q
Why is the function of the heart vital
A
Because for our bodies to survive we need a continuos supply of oxygen and nutrients, and the metabolic waste needs to be removed.
5
Q
What is blood
A
It is a tissue and a transport medium
6
Q
What is the heart
A
It is an organ that keeps the blood moving through the vessels. It is a muscular pump that provides the force necessary to pump the blood to all the tissues in the body
7
Q
What happens when the heart stomps pumping blood
A
The persons life so jeopardised
8
Q
What are the three vital components of the cardiovascular system
A
- the heart: muscle that provides necessary force to circulate blood to all the tissues in your body
- the blood vessels: channels or conduits thought which blood is distributed to body tissues
- the blood: the liquid transport medium which flows in the vessels
9
Q
(_______) carry (_________) away from the heart
A
Arteries carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
10
Q
(________) carry (________) to the heart
A
Veins carry oxygen poor blood to the heart
11
Q
Capillaries
A
Microscopic vessels surrounding cells where gaseous and nutrient exchange takes place
12
Q
Blood is a type of (________) as it consists of different, specialised cells working together.
A
Blood is a tissue as it consists of different, specialised cells working together.
13
Q
What are the differs types of blood cells
A
Plasma Red blood cell White blood cell Platelets It is important that every part of this system remains healthy
14
Q
What is the scientific name of plasma
A
Plasma
15
Q
What is the scientific name of red blood cells
A
Erythrocytes
16
Q
What is the scientific name of white blood cells
A
Leukocytes
17
Q
What is the scientific name of platelets
A
Thrombocytes
18
Q
What is the function of plasma
A
Contains all cells and flows through vessels
19
Q
What is the function of he erythrocytes
A
Carry oxygen around the blood
20
Q
What is the fiction of the leukocytes
A
They assist is immune system and fight foreign bodies
21
Q
What is the function of the thrombocytes
A
They assist with blood clotting
22
Q
What is the structure of the heart
A
- It is a muscular organ
- It has 4 internal chambers ( 2 atria and 2 ventricles )
- It is roughly the same size as a man’s closed fist
- Two thirds of the heart’s mass lies to the left of the midline, which is why the left lung only has two lobes and the right lung as three lobes
23
Q
What causes the heart to beat
A
The muscles in the heart contracting and relaxing
24
Q
How does the heart keep pumping
A
It needs a constant supply of energy, such as nutrients and oxygen. The heart cells use the oxygen and nutrients for cellular respiration which gives the muscles energy to beat
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What supplies the heart with oxygenated and nutrient - rich blood
The left and right coronary arteries
26
What will happen if one of the coronary arteries become blocked
- the blood will flow slower
- oxygen will move around the body slower
- muscles and organs will not receive enough oxygen
- clots could form
- thrombosis could occur ( local clotting )
- death
27
What are the four internal chambers of the heart
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Left atrium ( top )
Right atrium ( top )
Left ventricle ( bottom )
Right ventricle ( bottom )
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What are the two atria
They are thin-walled chambers and they receive blood from the veins
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What are the two ventricles
They are thick walled chambers and they forcefully pump blood from the heart into the arteries
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What is the septum
It is the muscular wall that divides the left and right side of the heart. It also prevents to oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.
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What is the function of the valves
They keep the fluid/ blood from flowing in one direction
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What do the atrio-ventricular valves do
They close, when the ventricles contract, to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria
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What do semilunar valves do
They close, when the ventricles relax, to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles
34
What sound does the heart make and what is it caused by
The heart makes the sound 'lub-dub' and it is caused by
35
How many pumps are there
There are 2 pumps, one on the left and one on the right working simultaneously.
36
Where does the blood go
Deoxygenated blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and then is pumped into the lungs to receive oxygen. From the lungs, the oxygenated blood flows to the left atrium to the left ventricle and then it is pumped to all the body cells.
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Summary of where the blood goes
The heart pumps blood to the lungs through pulmonary circulation and to the rest of the body through systemic circulation. This is accomplished by systematic contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle.
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Pulmonary circuit
Transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle, via the pulmonary artery, to the lungs for oxygen. It then returns oxygenated blood, via the pulmonary veins, to the left atrium
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Systemic circuit
It provides the blood supply for all the body tissues. It carries oxygen and nutrients to the body cells and then picks up carbon dioxide and waste products. The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, via the aorta , to the arteries. It then moves to the capillaries in the tissues of the body. From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins, via the inferior vena cava or superior vena cava, to the right atrium of the heart
40
What do both atria and ventricles do
Both atria contract at the same time and both ventricles contract at the same time
41
Flow diagram of where the blood goes starting at the right atrium and ending with the right atrium
Right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> capillaries in lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> capillaries in body cells -> superior/ inferior vena cava -> right atrium
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What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circuits in where they transport substances
Systemic goes to all body cells and pulmonary goes to the lungs.
43
What is the difference between the systemic and pulmonary circuits in what type of blood they carry
The systemic carries oxygenated blood and the pulmonary carries deoxygenated blood.
44
What is the difference between the systemic and pulmonary in the vessels they have
The systemic has the aorta and the superior and inferior vessels, and the pulmonary has the pulmonary veins and the pulmonary artery.
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What is the difference between the systemic and pulmonary in where they pump from
The systemic pumps from the left side of the heart and the pulmonary pumps from the right side of the heart
46
Where does the aorta pump to and from
It pumps to all the body cells, from the left ventricle
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Where does the pulmonary artery pump to and from
It pumps to the lungs, from the right ventricle.
48
Where does the superior vena cava pump to and from
It pumps to the right atrium, from the upper body
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Where doses the inferior vena cava pump to and from
It pumps to the right atrium, from the lower body cells.
50
Where do the pulmonary veins pump to and from
They pump to the left ventricle, from the lungs
51
What is heart disease
It is any disease that affects the ability of the heart to perform its function.
52
What are some different types of heart disease
Some diseases affect the ability of the valves yo open and close and others affect the hearts ability to pump
53
What are the coronary arteries
They are arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood. When oxygenated blood flows through the aorta, some of the blood flows into the coronary arteries. The coronary artery is divided into a left and right coronary artery which take blood deep into the left and right parts of the heart muscles
54
What is atherosclerosis
It is a common disorder of the arteries. Fat, cholesterol and other substances collect in the walls of the arteries. Large accumulations of these substances are called atheromas or plaque and this can damage the walls and
55
Hat would happen if the coronary arteries became blocked
The blood could flow in the wrong direction. Too little blood will reach the lungs for re-oxygenation and the body cells
56
What are blood vessels
They are conduits or channels through which blood is distributed throughout the body. The blood circulatory system is a closed system which means it is not open to the outside and blood is totally enclosed within the blood vessels and the heart
57
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart. Transport deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Blood is pumped from the ventricles into large elastic arteries that branch repeatedly into smaller and smaller arteries until the branching results in microscopic arteries called arterioles. They have thick, muscular walls because they carry blood at high pressure.
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What do systemic arteries do
They transport oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body tissue
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What do arterioles do
They play a key role in regulating blood flow into the tissue capillaries.
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What do the muscular walls of the arteries do
They don't only provide support for vessel, but also change vessel diameter to regulate blood flow and blood pressure
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What is 10% of the total blood volume at any given time
It is the systemic arterial system
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Capillaries
The smallest most numerous of the blood vessels. They form the connection between the vessels that carry blood away from the heart ( arteries ) and vessels that return blood to the heart ( veins ). Capillaries have a network of tissue cells called the capillary bed/ network. Capillary distribution varies with the metabolic activity of body tissue.
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How thick/thin are the walls of the capillaries
They are only one cell thin
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What is the primary function of the capillaries
The exchange of gasses, nutrients and metabolic waste between blood and tissue cells ( Gaseous exchange - respiration and nutrient exchange - digestion ).
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Which tissues have extensive capillary networks
The muscles, liver and kidneys because they are metabolically active and require an abundant supply of oxygen and nutrients
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What is about 5% of the total blood volume at any given time
The systemic capillaries and another 10% is in the capillaries in the lungs
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How d substances pass through the capillary wall
Through diffusion and osmosis
68
Veins
Carry blood to the heart. After blood passes through the capillaries, it enters the smallest veins, called venules, and then it flows into the progressively lager and larger veins until it reaches the heart. They have the same three layers as the arteries. It has a less smooth muscle and connective tissue, this makes the walls of the veins thinner and than those of arteries because the blood pressure in the veins is a lot less. Because the walls are thinner and less rigid, veins can hold more blood
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What is almost 70% of the total blood volume at any given time
The veins
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What do medium and large veins have
They have valves to keep the blood flowing towards the heart. They are most important in arms and legs to prevent back flow because of gravity
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Where is the remaining 5% of total blood volume found at any given time
In the heart
72
Why is blood the fluid of growth
It transports nourishment from digestion and hormones from glands throughout the body.
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Why is blood the fluid of health
It transports disease fighting substances to the tissue and waste to the kidneys
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What do red and white blood cells do
They clean and nourish the body.
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What is whole blood
It is blood that flows through this network of veins and arteries. It is a mixture of blood cells and plasma
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What does whole blood contain
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
These are mostly manufactured in the bone marrow. They travel through the circulatory system trough a yellow fluid called plasma
77
What is plasma
It is 90% water and contains nutrients, proteins, hormones and waste products
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Erythrocytes
Shaped like slightly indented flat discs. Contain iron-rich protein called haemoglobin. As the red blood cells travel through the body, the haemoglobin said release oxygen to the tissues. The body contains more red bloods cells than any other type of cell. Every day the body produces new red blood cells to replace the ones that have died or have been lost from the body
79
How does good get its red colour
It gets its bright red colour when haemoglobin in red blood cells picks up oxygen in the lungs.
80
How long is the lifespan of a red blood cell
About 4 months
81
Leukocytes
Key part of the body's immune system. They are able to move in and out of the blood stream to reach affected tissue. Blood contains far fewer white blood cells than red blood cells. The body can increase the production of white blood cells to fight infection,.
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What is the lifespan of a white blood cell
There are many types of white blood cells and their lifespans vary from a few days to months
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How often and where, are new cells being formed
They are constantly being formed and they are formed in the yellow bone marrow
84
Where is bone marrow found
In the centre of the bone
85
Thrombocytes
They are irregularly shaped cell fragments that help in the clotting process. When a blood vessel breaks, platelets gather in the area, secrete fibrinogen fibres which form a 'net' and help seal of the leak.
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How long is the lifespan of a thrombocyte
About 9 days and are continually being replaced by new cells
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What else helps with clotting
Blood contains important proteins called clotting factors. Although platelets on their own can plug small blood vessel leaks and temporarily stop or slow bleeding, the action of clotting factors is needed to produce a strong, stable clot.
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Clotting factors
Platelets and clotting factors work together to form solid lumps a to seal leaks, wounds, cuts and scratches to prevent bleeding inside and on the surface of our bodies. Clotting is like a puzzle, if the last piece is missing, it won't clot properly,
