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Block 1 Anatomy > 1-F Early Development > Flashcards

1-F Early Development Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the process of gametogenesis- the formation of female and male germ cells as described in these notes

A

a. Process that forms gametes (ovum and sperm) converting diploid cells into haploid cells by meiosis

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2
Q

At birth all oogonium have become primary oocytes that are stuck in

A

prophase I

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3
Q

What is the sequence of primordial follicule to ovulation?

A

primordial follicle, primary follicule, secondary follicle, ovulationof secondary oocyte with zona pellucida and corona radiata

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4
Q

Primordial follicles consist of primary oocyte surrounded

A

zona pellucida and supported by follicular cells

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5
Q

Maturation of primordial follicles mature through primary and secondary follicles and what forms in the follicular cell layer

A

antrum

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6
Q

What is ovulated

A

a secondary oocyte including a zona pellucida and corona radiata

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7
Q

After the ovum is released into the peritoneal most enter ____

A

the fimbriated end of the oviduct

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8
Q

Ovulation causes the oocyte to re-enter what part of the cycle

A

meiosis and once again halting at metaphase II

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9
Q

Locate where fertilization occurs

A

normally occurs at the ovarian end of the uterine tube, occurs once the sperm enters the secondary oocyte to form the zygote

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10
Q

After fertilization all mitotic divisions are called:

A

cleavages

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11
Q

Define early development

A

the process of zygote transforming into an embryonic disc (multicellular, tralaminar disc, period lasting 3 weeks

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12
Q

Define differential growth

A

some areas grow more than others

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13
Q

Define cavitaiton

A

hollowing out of a ball of cells

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14
Q

Define cell migration

A

movement of cells from one place to another

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15
Q

Define cell death

A

programed destruction of tissue due to development

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16
Q

Define bud formation

A

bulging of cells open at one end

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17
Q

Define tube formation

A

a cylinder of cells open at two ends

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18
Q

Zygote

A

fusion of primary oocyte and sperm forming a diploid cell

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19
Q

zona pellucida

A

glycoprotein layer which protects and nourishes the oocyte, found around the oocyte in the primordial follicule, primary and secondary follicle and zygote pre-implantation

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20
Q

morula

A

16- cells stage of embryo made of a solid ball of blastomeres (undiferentiated and plueripotent)

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21
Q

blastula

A

embryo after the morula cavitates, creating a hollow cavity called the bastocoel

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22
Q

trophoblastic cells

A

of the blastula, the cells that form the outer surface of the cavity, they eventually become the placenta and extraembryonic membranes

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23
Q

inner cell mass/ embryoblasts

A

one pole of the blastula has a concentration of cells that will develop into an embryo

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24
Q

implantation

A

trophoblasts of the blastula attach to and burry into the uterine lining

25
Q

Why are ectopic pregnancies dangerous to the mother?

A

pregnancies that implant outside the uterus and are at great risk for vascular risk

26
Q

endometrium

A

uterine lining

27
Q

Embryo v. Fetus

A

embryo before 8 weeks, fetus after 8 weeks

28
Q

What happens during blastocyst “hatching”

A

blastocyst exits the zona pellucida as it degenerates and is ready for implantation

29
Q

Once blastula forms what is the first big step towards creating a bilaminar disc/

A

implantation occurs simulateously with diffentiation of trophoblasts and embryoblasts

30
Q

What are the two distinct layers of the inner cell mass that differentiate then cavitate

A

epiblast and hypoblast

31
Q

The cavities that are formed by the epiblas and the hypoblast will be joined an that region will develop into

A

the bilaminar disk

32
Q

Name the cavity formed once the epiblast cavitates

A

primitive amniotic cavity

33
Q

Name the cavity formed when the hypoblast cavitates

A

primitive yolk sac cavity

34
Q

During implantation, trophoblast cells differentiate into which two types of cells?

A

syncytiotrphoblasts and cytotrophblasts

35
Q

What is the role of cytotrophoblasts?

A

unfused cells surrounding the inner mass of cells, form a circle around the developing embryoblast

36
Q

What is the function of syntiotrophoblast cells?

A

fuse and burrow into to the endometrium, become supporting cells for the developing embryo, part of the developing placenta

37
Q

Which cells form the extraembryonic mesoderm?

A

cytrophoblasts

38
Q

Adding the extraembryonic mesoderm converts the primative extraembryonic tissues into:

A

amnion, chorion, extraembryonic coelom, connecting stalk

39
Q

amnion

A

primitive amnion plus extrembryonic mesoderm

40
Q

chorion

A

trophoblasts plus the extraembryonic mesoderm

41
Q

extraembryonic coelom

A

space separating the the chorion from the embryo, amnion and yolk sac, fetus grows into this space

42
Q

connecting stalk

A

attaches the chorion to the amniotic and yolk sac cavities and becomes the umbilical cord

43
Q

What is the function of the structures that will be produced by the extraembryonic mesoderm

A

future structures will support the developing embryo and fetus, forming no embryonic structures

44
Q

Describe major events associated with gastrulation

A

transformation of bilaminar disc to a trilaminar disc, formation of primative streak and migration of cells

45
Q

All 3 germ cell layers of formed from what type of embryoblast cells?

A

epiblast

46
Q

Name the three germ cell layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

47
Q

Describe the migration that creaste mesoderm

A

cells that migrate through the primative streak and continue laterally

48
Q

Describe the migration of cells that create the endoderm

A

cells that migrate below the forming mesoderm to replace hypoblast cells

49
Q

How is the notochord formed?

A

migration of cells through the primative streak and directly cranially (mesoderm)

50
Q

Which spots on the trilaminar disc do not contain mesoderm

A

the oral and cloacal plates

51
Q

What directional details are established in gastrulation

A

body axes

52
Q

What do we call epiblast cells that do not migrate

A

ectoderm

53
Q

How is loose mesoderm formed

A

by epiblast cells that migrate through the primitive streak and migrate laterally

54
Q

What does the embryo look like at the end of gastrulation

A

trilaminar disc

55
Q

Name tissues formed by ectoderm

A

skin, nervous tissue

56
Q

Name tissues formed by the mesoderm.

A

muscle, bone, connective tissue, circulatory system

57
Q

Name tisses formed by the endoderm

A

epithelial linings of the gut tube, respiratory tract and the urinary tract

58
Q

What are the major features of development associated with the embryo

A

organstystems are formed, derived from the primitive germ layers

Block 1 Anatomy (19 decks)

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