2-F Vertebral Column and Trunk Muscles

Question 1

State which bones constitute the axial and appendicular skeletons

Answer 1

axial: head, spine, pelvis and rib cage; appendicular skeleton

Question 2

Describe lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis.

Answer 2

lordosis is excessive concave curvature (secondary curvature), normally in the lumbar region, kyphosis is excessive convex curvature usually in the upper thoracic region (primary curvature) and scoliosis is lateral curvature of the spine

Question 3

Vertebrae are almost entirely of what type of bone?

Answer 3

trabecular bone Bonus: vertebral fracture are the most common osteoporosis related fractures

Question 4

Identify the parts of a typical vertebra

Answer 4

Netter 151, 152; spinous process, lamina, pedicle, neural arch, transverse process, body, superior and inferior articular processes, vertebral foramen, inferior vertebral notch, superior vertebral notch

Question 5

Name defining characteristics of cervical vertebrae

Answer 5

down sloing facet joints, transvers foramen, bifid spinous process

Question 6

Which is the yes joint and which is the no joint?

Answer 6

atlanto-occipital joint (yes joint) atlanto-axial joint (no joint)

Question 7

Name defining characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 7

vertical facing facet joints, inferiorly pointing spinous process (giraffe)

Question 8

Name defining characteristics of lumbar vertebrae

Answer 8

“wrapped” facet joints, large body, large spinous process (moose)

Question 9

Demonstrate possible movements of the intervertebral joints in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions

Answer 9

cervical (flexion/extension, lateral flexion and rotation) thoracic (mostly rotationa and some lateral flexion) lumbar (mostly flexion/extension)

Question 10

Describe the position and action of the anterior longitutdinal ligament, posteror longitudinal ligament and the ligamenta flava.

Answer 10

ALL is anterior to the vertebral bodies (prevents hyperextension), PLL is posterior to the vertebral bodies (prevents hyperflexion), and the ligamenta flava runs between vertebral bodies

Question 11

What are the two different parts of the intervertebral discs and how are they different?

Answer 11

nucleus pulposus (proteoglycan rich gel and remant of the notochord) anulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage) discsare deformable and meant as shock absorbers

Question 12

What nerve is damaged in disc herniation in relation to position of the spinal nerves?

Answer 12

the affected spinal nerve is same as the 2nd disc in the IV disc name

Question 13

What is the weakest part of the intervertebral disc?

Answer 13

lateroposterior

Question 14

Name the general attachment, innervation and action of splenius capitis

Answer 14

spinous process > tranverse process (V shape): extension of the neck, lateral bending at the neck and rotation to same side; dorsal rami

Question 15

Name the general attachment, innervation and action of erector spinae

Answer 15

generally the illiac crest > ribsa nd transvers processes: extension of the trunk and lateral bending of the trunk ; dorsal rami

Question 16

Name the general attachment, innervation and action of semispinalis captitis

Answer 16

transverse process > spinus process (^ shape): extension of the trunk, rotation to the opposite side (dorsal rami)

Question 17

Name the structure that does not allow back muscles to expand, causing back pain?

Answer 17

thoracolumbar fascia

Question 18

Name the general attachment, innervation and action of the intercostal muscles.

Answer 18

run beween ribs, stabilize the intercostal spaces, the neurovascular bundle runs between internal and innermost layers; innervation comes from the intercostal nerves (ventral rami)

Question 19

Name the 3 types of intercostal muscles and their orientation.

Answer 19

external (hands in pocket) internal (perpendicular to hands in pocket) innermost (X pattern between ribs)

Question 20

The intercostal arteries anastamose between what anterior and posterior vessels

Answer 20

aorta posteriorly and internal thoracic anteriorly

Question 21

Where does the neurovascular bundle run?

Answer 21

(VAN) runs at the lower inferior edge of each rib; Bonus: smaller collateral branches run in NAV configuration just above ribs

Question 22

Name the general attachment, insertion and action of the external oblique muscle

Answer 22

ribs > aponeurosis (hands in pocket): flextion of the trunk, compression of abdomen, laterla bending of the trunk and rotation to the opposite side

Question 23

Name the general attachment, innervation and action of internal oblique msucles

Answer 23

aponeurosis > plevis: flexion of the trunk, compression; lateral bending of the trunk, and rotaion to the same side

Question 24

Name the general attachment, innervation and action of the transversus abdominis

Answer 24

aponeurosis > rib cage, spine and pelvis in a transverse direction: compression

Question 25

Name the general attachment, innervation and action of the rectus abdominis

Answer 25

pelvis > rib cage : flexion of the trunk

Question 26

What is the rectus sheath

Answer 26

aponeurosis of the external oblique, internal oblique and tranversus abdominis

Question 27

How do abdominal muscles run around the rectus abdominis (below and above the arcuate line)?

Answer 27

above the arcuate line the internal oblique sandwiches the rectus abdominis and below, all muscles run superior to the recutus abdominis

Question 28

Where does the neurovascular bundle of the anterior abdominal wall run?

Answer 28

the neurovascular bundle runs between internal oblique and tranverse abdominis

Question 29

The most common form of scoliosis is …

Answer 29

right thoracic/ left lumbar

Question 30

Ligamentum flavum links what?

Answer 30

laminae of adjacent vertebrae along the posterior wall of the vertebral canal

Question 31

Supra and interspinous ligaments attach spinous process to what?

Answer 31

adjacent vertebrae

Question 32

The thicker the disc, the _____ the movement

Answer 32

greater

Question 33

The annulus fibrosis is thinner at which side (anterior/posterior)

Answer 33

posteriorly

Question 34

The most common site for disc herniation are:

Answer 34

L4-5 or the L5-S1 discs because they bear more weight

Question 35

Muscles of the superficial group rotate the vertebral column to the ______ side, whereas the deep group rotate to the ______ side

Answer 35

same side, opposite side respectively

Question 36

The most superficial of the intrinsic back muscles passes obliquely from medial to lateral passing superiorly from its origin to insertion (V shape) is called

Answer 36

splenius capitis m.

Question 37

The deepest intrinsic back muscle passes lateral to medial passing superiorly from origin to insertion is called (A shaped)

Answer 37

tranversospinae m.

Question 38

Intercostal muscles prevent the intercostal space from ?

Answer 38

enlarging

Question 39

Describe the fibers of the intercostal nerve

Answer 39

The intercostal nerve is motor to the intercostal muscles, sensory to the overlying skin and sensory to the parietal pleura lining the inside of the ribs

Question 40

The intercostal nerves have what types of fibers?

Answer 40

motor to the intercostal muscles, sensory to the overlying skin and sensory to the parietal pleural lining inside the ribs

Question 41

midline, paramedian, and gridiron approaches

Answer 41

midline (down linea alba) paramedian (cut anterior rectus sheath and split rectus abdominis) gridiron (split fibers in direction they normally follow)

Question 42

rectus sheath is made of what?

Answer 42

sleeve of connective tissue surrounding the rectus abdominis muscle