1. Lectures 1, 2, 3, 4 Flashcards
(35 cards)
What is the goal of research?
Often the goal of research is the generation of knowledge
What are the 5 types of research?
Systematic- problems, methods, data analysis, interpretations, conclusions
Logical- others can evaluate conclusions drawn
Empirical- conclusions based on data
Reductive- data used to establish more general relationships
Replicable- the research process is recorded and others can repeat or build on that research
What are the 4 philosophical world views?
Postpositivism
Constructivism
Transformative (advocacy/participatory)
Pragmatism
What is postpositivism?
Qualitative or quantitative dominant?
Based on notion of a single reality and “objective truth”
Associated with scientific method and quantitative research (Fits most with quantitative)
Research should be unbiased and objective
Think of someone in white lab coat mixing chemicals one truth either we get it or don’t
What is constructivism?
Qualitative or quantitative dominant?
Based on the notion of multiple realities and meanings as varied and multiple
Focus on complexity of views rather than narrowing to a few categories/ideas
Researchers recognize that their own backgrounds shape interpretations
Multiple realities, focus on complexity
Qualitative dominant
What is transformative philosophical worldview?
Qualitative or quantitative dominant?
Based on notion that research needs to be intertwined with politics and political agenda (trying to make a political change)
Focus on action and reform that might change the lives of people in study
Typically qualitative dominant
What is the philosophical worldview pragmatism?
Qualitative or quantitative dominant?
Based on the notion that research needs to be concerned with “what works” and solutions to problems
No commitment to a single notion of reality
Researchers use whatever method works best
Mixed methods dominant
What are the 3 types of research designs?
- Qualitative research
- Quantitative research
- Mixed methods research
What is quantitative research?
For theory testing, describing status on variables, and looking at relations among variables
Measurements Statistics Protection against bias Set structure for writing up the study (scientific method) Lecture 1 slides 15-16
What are Thomas Et Al’s 4 steps in the scientific method?
- Developing the problem- identification of independent and dependant variables
- Formulating hypothesis- anticipated outcome of a study (guess not result)
- Gathering data- use internal validity and external validity
- Analyzing and interpreting results
What is independent and dependant variable?
What is internal validity?
What is external validity?
Independent variable- what the researcher is manipulating
Dependant variable- the effect of the independent variable
Internal validity- extent to which the results can be attributed to the treatments used in the study (ex: is the reason they held the plank longer because of the positive messages they heard before?)
External validity- the venerability of the results (does it even matter? Can we apply to real world?)
What are the 3 forms of research questions in a quantitative study?
- Comparing groups- comparison of male and females def esteem levels
- Relating independent and dependant variables- relationship between obesity and sport participation
- Describe responses/status on a variable- peak bone growth velocity
Is there a right way to solve an ethical decision?
There is no right way to make an ethically defensible decision
What are the 9 steps to follow when making a ethically defensible decision?
Step 1 - develop ethical sensitivity
Identify who (individuals and groups) are potentially affected by your decision
Step 2- identify relevant articles from the code of ethics
Codes from related professions can off guidance
Step 3- look into the ethics literature for guidance
Ethics texts and journal articles
Step 4- consideration of own personal bias, stress, and self-interest
Step 5- apply fundamental ethical principles and theories to the situation (autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, etc)
Step 6- develop alternative courses of action
Evaluate the cost and benefits of each action
Step 7- consult with trusted colleagues
Step 8- action, with a commitment to assume responsibility
Step 9- evaluate the results of your actions
Summary slide 18 lecture 3
What makes ethical principles differ from laws?
Ethical principles can conflict, whereas laws are designed not to conflict
What are the 8 functions of professional code of ethics?
- set standards for professional work
- safeguarding interests of client
- internal control mechanism
- guidance
- protect professionals from outside intervention and supervision
- preserve public trust in professionals
- ensure status of profession and legitimacy of remuneration
- protect rights of professionals against unfounded complaints
What is an ethical dilemmas?
A situation that requires ethical action, but the professional is required to perform 2 or more mutually exclusive actions
Being pulled in 2 directions, bot directions could have negative results on different aspects
May be no satisfactory conclusion
What are the 6 ethical principles?
Autonomy- freedom to make ones own choices and take actions based on ones own personal values and beliefs
Nonmaleficence- obligation to not conflict harm upon others
Beneficence- obligation to act for the benefit of others
Justice- fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment of others
Fidelity- fulfilling ones responsibilities of trust
Veracity- truthfullness
What are the 5 focal virtues one must also rely on when making an ethical decision?
Compassion- regard for another’s welfare and an awareness of misfortune and suffering
Discernment- being able to make fitting judgements without being unduly influenced by extraneous factors
Trustworthiness- warranting confidence in ones character and conduct
Integrity- knowing ones own personal ideals and being faithful to them
Conscientiousness- acting to determine what is right, intent to do what is right, and putting effort towards doing what is right
What percent of children are reaching their recommended physical activity levels outlined by the Canadian 24 hour movement guidelines?what percent of adults?
Where is Canada ranked?
35% of children and youth 5-17 are meeting guidelines
Only 15% of adults meet them in 2011
48% in 2008
Canada is ranked second laziest nation, and 6th most obese
Physical activity declines with age
What are the Canadian physical activity guidelines for infants (less than one year)?
Should be physically active several times per day
Examples: Timmy time (minimum 30 mins) reaching for toys, interactive floor based play, crawling
What are the Canadian physical activity guidelines for toddlers (1-2 years) and pre-schoolers (3-4 years)?
Should accumulate 180 minutes of physical activity per day (at any intensity)
Examples: playing outside, crawling, dancing, hopping, jumping, skipping
What are the Canadian physical activity guidelines for children (5-11 years) and youth (12-17 years)?
Need at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity daily
Vigorous intensity activities at least 3 days/week
Activities that strengthen muscle and bone at least 3 days/week
On average children spend 7 hours on screen time
Moderate activity- causes little sweating and will make you breathe harder and increase in heart rate (bike riding, playground activities)
Vigorous activity- will cause sweating and being out of breath, substantial increase in heart rate (running, swimming)
What are the Canadian physical activity guidelines for adults (18-64 years)?
Need at least 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous aerobic activity/ week
Can do it in sections of 10 mins or more
Beneficial to add muscle and bone strengthening activities at least 2 days a week
Moderate- brisk walking, bike riding
Vigorous- jogging, cross country skiing
