3. Lectures 6, 7 Flashcards

(27 cards)

1
Q

What are the 2 ways to study social psychology?

Their pros and cons?

A

Laboratory studies conducted in labs
Standardized conditions
Pros: efficient, easy to get informed consent
Cons: artificial, demand characteristics, usually non random sample

Field studies carried out in real-life setting
Little control
Pros: diverse sample, observe real behaviour
Cons: sloppy, able to get informed consent?
Ex: anxiety in mirrored exercise settings

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2
Q

What are experimental studies?

A
They answer cause-effect questions
One variable (independent variable) has direct causal influence on another (dependant variable)
Includes manipulation of IV and random assignment
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3
Q

What are non-experimental case studies?

A

Do not allow for cause-effect
Experimental studies not always possible
Correlation studies tell us that 2 variables are related
Correlation does not equal causation

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4
Q

Who is Norman Triplett?

A

1890s
First sport specific social psychology experiment
Why do cyclists ride faster in groups/pairs vs alone?
Examined the effects of others of performance

Groundwork for social facilitation theory

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5
Q

What is Muzafer Sherif‘s Robbers Cave study?

A

1950s
Important for psychological understanding of groups (conflict, prejudice, stereotypes, competition)
Famous study looked at inter group conflict and competition
Showed that inter group conflict can trigger competition, prejudice, and discriminatory behaviour

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6
Q

What is social influence?

A

Real or imagined pressure to change ones behaviour, attitude, beliefs
Social influence can have negative effects or positive effects

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7
Q

What are the 5 sources of power?

A

Legitimate power- based on ones socially sanctioned claim to a position/role that gives them the right to require and demand compliance
Expert power- derived from subordinates assumption that the power holder possesses superior skill
Reward power- having control over the distribution of rewards given to individuals
Coercive power- having ability to punish/threaten others who don’t comply with requests/demands
Referent power- based on ones identification with, attraction to, or respect for the power holder

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8
Q

What is Milgram’s obedience experiment?

A

Looked at obedience toward authority
65% people delivered max shock

Replications of experiment with modifications usually resulted in somewhat lower compliance (experimenter gave instructions over phone instead of face to face)
Still 30% delivered max shock

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9
Q

What is social support?

A

Refers to the perceived comfort, caring, assistance, and information that a person receives from others

Must consider:
The size of ones social network
The amount of social support provided
The type of social support provided

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10
Q

What is instrumental support?

A

Includes tangible, practical assistance that will help a person achieve goals

Ex: fitbit, spotting weightlifter at gym, take car of friend baby while she exercises

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11
Q

What is emotional support?

A

Occurs through expressions of encouragement, caring, empathy, concern toward a person

Ex: cheer at sports games, sympathize when someone complains about aching muscles

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12
Q

What is informational support?

A

Includes giving directions, advice, or suggestions, and providing feedback regarding progress

Ex: receive info from health practitioners and fitness trainers, coach provides feedback on learning new skill

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13
Q

What is companionship support?

A

Reflects availability of persons within ones social network
Produces positive affect and can distract people from negative exercise-related feelings (fatigue, boredom)

Ex: the availability of a friend to exercise with

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14
Q

What is validation support?

A

Involves comparing oneself with others in order to gauge progress and confirm that ones thoughts, feelings, problems, and experiences are normal

Ex: people with heart dies ease exercising in groups of people with heart disease because it gives them a sense of “if they can do it, so can I”

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15
Q

What is social power in the family?

A

Pressuring family members to be more active can lead to decreased physical activity
Making family members feel guilty for their inactivity can lead to decreased physical activity

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16
Q

How can rewards be helpful?

A

Have powerful determinant of action
Ex: incentives or rewards for attendance to exercise program ( t shirts, money)
Employers paying part of exercise program cost

Encourages initial attendance or adherence, but not effective in long term

17
Q

What is social support in family?

A

Increases exercise intentions and exercise adherence
Among children and youth, social support from parents and other family members are one of most important determinants of physical activity

Instrumental support- provides transportation
Emotional support- encouragement
Informational support- instruction on new activities
Companionship support- participating

18
Q

What is social support from professionals in exercise environments?

A

Important for continued participation in exercise program
Provide multiple types of social support
Leadership style is key
Socially supportive vs socially blind
Socially supportive associated with individuals having more energy and enthusiasm, less fatigue, more enjoyment, stronger exercise intention

19
Q

What is personality?

A

The overall organization of our psychological characteristics- thinking feeling and behaving- that differentiates is from others and leads us to act consistently across time and situations

Simply… an individuals unique, but consistent, psychological make-up

20
Q

What are the 3 approaches to the study of personality?

A
  1. Biological theories
    - emphasis on the person
  2. Trait theories
    - emphasis on the person
  3. Interactionist theories
    - emphasis on the interaction between the person and environment
21
Q

What are biological theories of personality?

A

Links personality with biological processes
Emphasizes the person; mind-body connection

William Sheldon’s constitutional theory

  • certain somatotypes predispose individuals toward behavioural consistency
  • originally strong relationships (0.7+ correlation) between body types and associated personality characteristics
  • more recent research shows small to moderate relationships (0.3-0.4 correlation)
22
Q

What is Sheldon’s constitutional theory?

3 types

A

Ectomorph- linear, tall, lean
Cerebrotonia personality- tense, introvert, inhibited, socially restrained

Endomorph- plumpness, roundness
Viscerotonia personality- affectionate, sociable, relaxed, cheerful

Mesomorph- inverted triangle shape, athletic body
Somatotonic personality- adventurous, risk-taking, aggressive, take charge

Slide 7 lecture 7

23
Q

What are trait theories of personality?

A

Personality traits- relatively stable, highly consistent, internal attributes

Hans Eysenck’s P-E-N personality theory (1960)

  • psychoticism-superego: hormonal function leads to heightened aggressiveness, impersonal attitudes and antisocial behaviour
  • extraversion-introversion: bass level arousal in cortex dictates whether or not people avoid stimulation or seek out further stimulation
  • neuroticism-stability: associated with limbic system and sympathetic nervous system
24
Q

What are introverts and extroverts?

A

Introverts- individuals avoid further stimulation in base level arousal in cortex
Higher base levels so don’t need more arousal

Extroverts- individuals seek out further stimulation in base level arousal in cortex
Lower base levels so they seek more arousal

25
What does high neurotic individuals mean?
High neurotic individuals (enduring negative emotional states) have longer-lasting autonomic reactions than low neurotic individuals
26
What is The Big Five (1990s) in trait theories in personality research?
The big five: Openness to experience- being curious and open minded; imaginative and creative Conscientiousness- determined, strong willed, self disciplined Extraversion- having an energetic approach to the world; talkative and affectionate Agreeableness- compliance, positive approach towards others, trusting Neuroticism- feelings of tension, worry, and nervousness
27
What are the 5 things personality research in sport and exercise psychology examine?
1. Risk taking and sensation seeking- associated with extraversion and conscientiousness 2. Competitiveness- males usually higher, important for elite athletes 3. Perfectionism- adaptive (associated with conscientiousness) versus maladaptive 4. Mental toughness- associated with success 5. Exercise behaviour- associated with extraversion and conscientiousness