5. Lectures 10, 11 Flashcards
(26 cards)
What are the average wavelengths of light that can be seen by the eye?
400nm (violet) - 700nm (red)
Slide 3 lecture 10
What is the sclera, choroid, and retina?
Sclera- maintains the shape of the eye
Choroid- contains blood vessels that nourish the eye
Retina- where the image of the optical system is found
Slide 16 lecture 10
What is the cornea, pupil, iris, and lens of the eye?
Cornea- gathers and focuses light
Pupil- hole in the iris that light filters through
Iris- controls the size of the pupil and the amount of light entering the eye
Lens- bends the light entering the eye
Slide 17 lecture 10
What is the aqueous humor, vitreous humor, rods, and cones of the eye?
Aqueous humor- watery fluid in small chamber behind cornea
Vitreous humor- eatery fluid in large chamber of the eye
Rods- detect intensity of the light
Cones- detect colour of the light
Slide 18 lecture 10
What is the fovea centralis, optic nerve, and occipital lobe of the eye?
Fovea centralis- densely packed photoreceptors (central pit of cones)
Optic nerve- bundle of axons of the retinal ganglion cells as they exit the eye
Occipital lobe- primary visual processing centre at the rear portion of the brain
Slide 18 lecture 10
Slide 30 lecture 10
What are the 6 examples of things that can affect performance?
Learning!! Reflexes Maturation Luck Strong teammates Motivation/incentives
There can be a change in performance when there is no learning, but there can also be a learning without a change in performance
What is performance and learning?
Performance- observable behaviour (challenge is that it’s hard to identify the cause of behaviour)
Learning- must be inferred from behaviour (challenge is that we cannot observe directly; therefore we need a lot of evidence to know)
What are the 3 things we should look for to indicate learning has occurred or not?
- Change over time- need to observe people over time
- More consistent performance- same movement patterns are performed consistently
- Change is relatively permanent
Note:
We can learn to do things worse, so overall change in performance might not be better performance
Sometimes performance actually gets worse for a while as we learn to perform a skill better
What are the 3 stages of learning?
- Cognitive stage
- Associative stage
- Autonomous stage
Learners move gradually from stage to stage
What is the cognitive stage of learning?
First stage
Large number of errors
Gross errors (large, catastrophic)
Highly variable performance- often a lot of new strategies are attempted
High cognitive involvement- the information processing demands are very high
What is the associative stage of learning?
Second stage
Fewer errors
Ability to detect own errors and the reason for error
Basic fundamentals have been learned (basics of how to produce the movement are known)
Decreased variability (even the types of errors that are made are more consistent)
Cognitive shift to higher order components especially during open skills (dribbling a basketball)
What is the autonomous stage of learning?
Skill becomes automatic (little or no cognitive involvement needed to produce the skill)
Little error and the errors that are made are usually decisions rather than technical
There is also a well established internal standard of performance that allows for the detection and correction for errors
What is the idea that learning occurs through practice?
Learning occurs through practice
The practice can be:
Real- practicing skill yourself
Imagery/mental practice- practicing the skill in your “minds eye”
Observational/vicarious learning- sewing others perform the skill
What does “transfer of learning” mean?
The influence of having previously practiced a skill on the learning of a new skill
Transfer of learning between 2 tasks generally increases as similarity between the tasks increases
What is positive transfer of learning?
When the experience with a previous skill facilitated the learning of a new skill
Most likely when:
- components of the skills are similar (similar environment explanation) soccer and field goal kicking
- there are similarities between the learning processes required (individual explanation) having same decision making required in practice as in games
What is negative transfer of learning?
When the experience with a previous skill interferes with the learning of a new skill
Most likely when:
- there are changes in spatial location required (learning to run to 3rd base after hitting baseball)
- there are changes in timing required (learning to write your name with different timing)
Happens when you’ve learned something and need to learning something else under similar conditions
What is zero transfer of learning?
When the experience with a previous skill has no effect (or little effect) on the learning of a new skill
What are the 3 instructional methods for promoting transfer of learning?
- Provide contextual interference- promotes the development of cognitive strategies that are less dependant on skill or context
Ex: practice several diff skills at one time - Vary the type of practice- practice many variations of one skill in a variety of contexts
Ex: punting the football with and against wind - Reduce frequency of feedback- forces learning to engage in active problem solving and rely on own internal feedback (ability to detect errors- autonomous stage of learning)
What is practicing a skill as a whole compared to practicing a skill as parts?
Practicing a skill as a whole appears to help learners get a feel for flow and timing
Practicing skill as parts emphasizes performing each part correctly before putting the whole skill together
Must consider task complexity (# of parts in task and info processing demands) and task organization (how components are interrelated)
At what level of complexity and organization do we emphasize the practice of parts?
A skill high in complexity and low in organization emphasizes practice of parts
Parts of a skill that are highly dependant on eachother should be practiced together as a unit
At what level of complexity and organization do we emphasize the practice of whole?
A skill low in complexity and high in organization emphasizes the practice of whole
What is blocked practice?
The task is practiced on many consecutive trials before the next task
Enables leaners to correct specific problems and refine skills one at a time
Blocked practice is especially important for beginners when correct habits need to be learned and established
What is random practice?
The ordering of tasks is randomized during practice
Very effective once a skill has become more developed
But can overload a beginner because of high task for demands
The effectiveness of random practice is rarely evident if measured in the basis of performance… but it benefits learning
What is practice variability?
Practice variability can lead to an increase in errors, but usually enhances learning
It’s effectiveness depends on the type of skill (closed skill or open skill)
