1. Overview Flashcards
1
Q
What is the significance of Bacteriology?
A
Isolate, Identify, Analyze
- Culture of organism
- Classification and Identification of organisms
- Prediction and Interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern
2
Q
What is a Bacteria?
A
- Prokaryotes
- Unicellular
- Lacks nucleus, and organelles
3
Q
What do you call the cell wall of the bacteria?
A
Peptidoglycan
4
Q
What do you call the cell wall of the Fungi?
A
Chitin
5
Q
What is a parasite
A
- Eukaryote
- uni or multicellular
- causes Acute Gastroenteritis or Diarrhea
6
Q
What is the locomotive for parasite?
A
Flagella, Pseudopods, Cilia
7
Q
What is a Fungi?
A
- Heterotrophic eukaryotes
- Dimorphic
8
Q
What are the 2 forms of fungi?
A
Yeast and Mold
9
Q
What is yeast?
A
- Unicellular
- Asexual
- Human body temp
10
Q
What is Mold?
A
- Multicellular (Filamentous)
- Sexual or asexual
- Room temp
11
Q
What is Mycelia?
A
- A group hyphae that forms a weave of mats which it forms a multicellular organisms
12
Q
The dimorphic of fungi is based on what condition?
A
Temperature
13
Q
What is a Viruses?
A
- Acellular
- Contains DNA or RNA core that surrounded by protein coat
- Obligate intracellular parasite
- Host cell specific
14
Q
What is bacteriophage
A
- A type of virus that targets a bacteria
15
Q
What are the 3 interrelated categories of taxonomy
A
- Classification
- Nomenclature
- Identification
16
Q
What is classification?
A
- An orderly classification of hierarchy in naming an organisms which is based on phenotype and genotype
17
Q
What is the order of classification?
A
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
18
Q
What is Genotype?
A
- genetic makeup of an organisms
19
Q
What is phenotype?
A
- Observable physical na functional features of an microorganism
- Staining characteristics
- Nutritional requirement
- Physiologic and biochemical characteristics
- Susceptibility or resistance to antibiotics or chemicals
20
Q
Nomenclature for Genus
A
Capital letter of the first word
21
Q
Nomenclature for Family
A
Capital letter of the first word with -aceae
22
Q
Nomenclature for species
A
Small letters
23
Q
What is identification?
A
- microorganisms key features based on genotyping and phenotyping which then assigned in genus and species names
24
Q
What is Prokaryotes?
A
- Unicellular
- NO nucleus and nuclear membrane
- Contains Nucleoid region
- No Cilia
- has Pili and Fimbriae
- Peptidoglycan (Cell wall)
- Cytoplasmic sturcture (70S)
25
What part of the bacteria is the basis for staining?
Cell Wall (Peptidoglycan)
26
What is Eukaryotes?
- Uni or multicellular
- has Nucleus and nuclear membrane
- may contain Cilia
- has a cytoplasmic structure (80S)
- Cell wall (Polysaccharides)
27
What are the cytoplasmic structure of bacteria?
- Nucleoid
- Plasmid
- Ribosomes
- Inclusions
- Endospores
28
What is Plasmid?
Codes for antibiotic resistance, and virulence factors
29
Site for proteins synthesis?
Ribosomes
30
What is the difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative?
(+) - Thick peptidoglycan
(-) - Thin peptidoglycan with outer membrane
31
What does inclusions contain?
1. Glycogen
2. Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate
3. Polyphosphate
32
What are the types of inclusions?
- Metachromatic granules
- Polysaccharide granules
33
What is metachromatic granules?
- Can be seen in Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Reserves of polyphosphate that is used in synthesis for ATP
34
What is polysaccharide granules?
- Consist of glycogen and starch granules
35
What is Endospores?
- Can be seen in Bacillus and Clostridium
- Highly resistant on varius factor
- only be killed in autoclave
36
What is the component for endospores
Calcium dipicolinate
37
What is plasma membrane?
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Permeability barrier
38
What is Peptidoglycan?
Composed of cell wall macromolecules known as Murein Layer
39
What are the repeating disaccharides that is attached by polypeptides in cell wall?
N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylmuramic acid
40
Acid fast cell wall can only be seen in what bacteria?
- Mycobacteria
- Nocardia (Partially)
41
What is the major component for acid fast cell wall?
Mycolic acid
42
What happens if you gram stain the acid fast cell wall?
it will have a lightly gram positive because it repels the primary stain.
43
What is the primary stain for Acid fast stain?
Carbol fuchsin
44
What is the decolorizer for Carbol fuchsin?
acid-alcohol
45
What are the 3 domains in Classification?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
46
What is the major reason why Archaeobacteria is not part of the domain bacteria?
- they don't have peptidoglycan
47
What is Halophile?
- Salt loving bacteria
48
What is thermophile
- Heat loving bacteria
49
What are the 3 methods of Acid Fast-staining?
1. Ziehl-Neelsen stain
2. Kinyoun stain
3. Auramine-rhodamine stain
50
What happens if you stain bacteria without cell walls?
- it cannot be identified
51
What are the bacterias without cell wall?
- Mycoplasma
- Ureaplasma (contain sterols)
- L-forms Bacteria
52
What is periplasmic space?
- Located between cell membrane and cell wall of gram negative bacteria
- Contains enzyme for degrading and detoxifying macromolecules
53
What is outer membrane
Mainly composed of lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins and phospholipids
54
What are the components of LPS
1. Lipid A
2. O-antigen
3. Core polysaccharide
55
What is Glycocalyx?
- General substances that surrounds the cells
- it acts as anti phagocytic
56
2 types of glycocalyx?
- Capsule
- Slime layer
57
What is Capsule?
Organized and firmly attached to cell wall
58
What is Slime layer
Unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall
59
What is Flagella?
exterior protein filaments that is used for motility
60
what are the 4 arrangements of flagella on the bacteria?
- Monotrichous
- Lophotrichous
- Amphitrichous
- Peritrichous
61
What is axial Filaments?
Bundles of fibrils anchored at one end of spirochete and spiral around the
cell.
62
What is the pair for cocci called?
Diplococci
63
What is the chain for cocci called?
Streptococci
64
What is the cluster for cocci called?
Staphylococci
65
What is a 4 cell arrangement for cocci called?
Tetrad
66
What is the cuboidal arrangement for cocci called?
Sarcinae
67
What is the pair for bacilli called?
Diplobacilli
68
What is the chains for bacilli called?
Streptobacilli
69
What is a side by side arrangement for bacilli called?
Palisade
70
What is a pointed end for bacilli called?
Fusiform
71
What do you call a pure culture that has different shapes and sizes?
Pleomorphic
72
What do you call a slightly longer than they are wide bacilli.
Coccobacilli
73
What do you call a comma shaped spirochetes
Vibrio
74
What do you call a Loosely coiled spirochetes
Spirillum
75
What do you call a Tightly coiled spirochetes
Treponema
76
A stain that is use to differentiate bacteria into gram negative and gram positive bacteria
Gram stain
77
Other name for gram staining
Differentiating stain technique
78
What is the purpose of heating in gram staining
To fix the smear to prevent washing out specifically in decolorization
79
What are the step in gram staining
1. Crystal Violet (1 min)
2. Gram's iodine (1min)
3. Alcohol or ethyl alcohol (30 sec - 1min)
4. Safranin (30 sec - 1min)
80
What is the result of Gram positive bacteria in gram staining
Purple/violet
81
What is the result of gram negative bacteria in gram staining
Red
82
In gram staining, what is the primary stain?
Crystal violet
83
In gram staining, what is the mordant?
Iodine
84
In gram staining, what is the decolorizer?
95% ethyl alcohol
Acetone
85
In gram staining, what is the secondary stain?
Safranin
86
All cocci are gram positive except?
- Neisseria
- Veillonella
- Moraxella
87
All bacilli are gram Negative except
Bacillus
Mycobacterium
Actinomyces
Corynebacterium
Clostridium
Nocardia
Erysipelothrix
Lactobacillus
Listeria
88
All spiral are gram?
Negative
89
Yeast are gram?
Positive
90
What is Acid-Fast stain?
Stains bacteria with high content of lipids and wax (Mycolic acid)
91
What targets Acid fast stain?
Mycolic acid
92
What is the sample for acid-fast stain?
Sputum
93
What is the counterstain for acid fast stain?
Methylene blue
94
What is the result for acid fast stain?
Acid fast: Red
Non acid fast: Blue
95
What is acridine orange and its purpose?
- a fluorescent stain that is use to detect nucleic acid in cell wall on both gram neg and pos.
- The purpose of this is usually use on bacteria that is hard to discern.
96
What is Calcofluor white?
- stain that binds to chitin of fungi.
Apple-green and Blue white fluorescence = (+)
97
What is Methylene blue?
- use to detect metachromatic granules of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Also use for counter stain in acid fast
98
What is Lactophenol cotton blue?
- use to detect chitin in slide cultures
99
What is India ink?
- india ink and nigrosin are negative stain that is use to detect Cryptococcus spp. or microorganisms with capsule.
100
What is Endospore stain?
- Also known as Schaefer-Fulton spore stain that is commonly use to stain bacterial spores.
101
What is the Primary stain for Schaefer-Fulton spore stain?
Malachite green
102
What is the Counter stain for Schaefer-Fulton spore stain?
Safranin
103
What are the nutritional requirement for GROWTH?
Carbon source: 50%
Nitrogen: 14%
ATP
Minerals:
- Phosphate (Nucleic acids)
- Phospholipids (Cell membrane)
Water : for faster replication
104
2 Classifications of nutritional requirement?
Autotrophs and heterotrophs
105
What is autotrophs?
- required inorganic carbon such as Carbon dioxide
106
What is Heterotrophs?
- Utilizes Organic carbon such as glucose and carbohydrates in the human body
107
What are the requirements for human pathogens in order for them to do damage?
Carbohydrates and glucose
108
A growth medium that is simple and completely define?
This type of medium is not usually use in diagnostic lab
Minimal medium
109
A complex medium that uses extracts of meats or soybeans?
Nutrient media
110
A media that contains Growth factors such as blood and vitamins?
Enriched media
111
A media that contains additives that inhibits the growth of some bacteria and only other bacteria grows?
Selective media
112
A media that visualize the Metabolic difference of bacteria
Differential media
113
What are the 3 main environmental factors influencing growth of bacteria?
pH, Temp, and Gaseous composition
114
What is the pH for neutrophilic
7.0 - 7.5 (Pathogenic bacteria)
115
What is the pH for acidophilic
<7 (Lactobacillus)
116
What is the pH for basophilic
>7.5 (Vibrio cholera)
117
What is the temp for psychrophiles
0 - 20 Degrees Celsius
Listeria monocytogenes
Yersinia enterocolitica
118
What is the temp Mesophiles?
20 - 40 degrees celsius
Pathogenic bacteria
119
What is the temp Thermophiles
40 - 60 degrees Celsius
Thermus aquaticus
120
A bacteria that requires oxygen for growth
Give example of this bacteria
Obligate aerobes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Micrococcus
Corynebacterium jeikeium
121
A bacteria that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
Give example of this bacteria
Obligate anaerobes
Bacteroides
Actinomyces
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
122
A bacteria that can live in the presence of oxygen but does not utilize it
Give example of this bacteria
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Lactobacillus
123
A bacteria that can live with or without oxygen
Give example of this bacteria
Facultative anaerobes
Salmonella typhi
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
124
A bacteria that can live 5 - 10% of carbon dioxide
Give example of this bacteria
Capnophilic
Neisseria
Haemophilus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
125
A bacteria that can live in a reduced amount of oxygen
Give example of this bacteria
Microaerophilic
Campylobacter spp.
Helicobacter spp.
126
How bacteria replicate?
Binary fission
127
Time required for one cell to divide, also known as doubling time
Generation time
128
In growth curve, a phase where bacteria are preparing to divide, increase in size only
Lag phase/ Adjustment phase
129
In growth curve, a phase where bacterial number are increase
Log phase/ Exponential phase
130
In growth curve a phase where nutrients are limited and no growth occur
Stationary phase/plateau phase
131
In growth curve, increase death rate
Death phase
132
Method where it use count bacteria directly in the microscope, however, it does not distinguish life and death
Direct counting under the microscope
133
This method is use to determine the number of colony in the sample
It can be use in determining the bacterial cell count in urine cultures
Direct plate count
134
Measures the cloudiness or turbidity of the sample usually in the test tube
Density measurement
135
In metabolism, Conversion of either organic and inorganic substance to carbon
source
Utilization of a variety of substrates as carbon sources
136
In metabolism, this is an example for "Glucose breakdown would yield acetone"
Production of specific end products from various substrates
137
In metabolism, this is an example where amino acid utilization result to alkaline
Production of an acid or alkaline in the test medium
138
Determine the ability of an organism to use sodium citrate, malonate or
acetate as the sole source of carbon
Citrate, Malonate, or acetate utilization
139
What is the indicator for Citrate, Malonate, or acetate utilization
Bromothymol blue
140
Determines the end products of glucose fermentation
MR-VP (Methyl Red - Voges-Proskauer)
141
What is the first pathway fo MR-VP?
What is end product of your answer?
Produces mixed acid
Lactic
Acetic
Succinic
Formic acid
142
What is the second pathway for MR-VP?
Produces acetoin = Alkaline
143
What are the 2 mechanisms for carbohydrate utilization
Fermentation and Respiration
144
An Anaerobic process of energy production but less efficient
Fermentation
145
What are the end product for fermentation
LEAB
Acid pH
Lactic
Ethanol
Acetoin
Butyrate
146
What is the final electron acceptor for fermentation?
Organic compound
147
An Aerobic process of energy production that is more efficient
Respiration
148
What is the final electron acceptor for respiration?
Oxygen
149
What molecule maintains Kreb cycle?
NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
150
What bacteria detects by MR-VP
Enterobacteriaceae
151
In EMP (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas), what are the bacteria utilizes this pathway?
Enterobacteriaceae
Mycobacteriaceae
152
In Pentose phosphate pathway, what are the bacteria utilizes this pathway?
Lactobacilli(us)
Brucella Abortus
153
In Entner-Doudoroff pathway,
what are the bacteria utilizes this pathway?
Pseudomonas (obligate aerobes)
Micrococcus
Mycobacterium
Alcaligenes
Enterococcus faecalis
154
What are the 3 Biochemical Pathway utilized by the bacteria
® Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas
® Pentose phosphate pathway
® Entner-Doudoroff pathway
155
What is the starting carbohydrate for bacterial fermentation or oxidation?
glucose
156
What is the end product of alcohol fermetation?
Ethanol
157
In alcohol fermentation, carbohydrates are broken down by what organisms
Yeast
158
A type of fermentation where pyruvic acid is broken down to lactic acid
Homolactic fermentation
159
What organisms uses Homolactic fermentation?
Streptococcus and lactobacillus
160
Also known as Mixed acid pathway?
Heterolactic fermentation
161
What bacteria uses heterolactic fermentation?
Lactobacillus
162
A type of fermentation that break down pyruvic into propionic acid?
Propionic Acid Fermentation
163
What bacteria uses propionic Acid fermentation?
Propionibacterium acnes
164
In Mixed acid fermentation, what bacteria is positive in MR?
Escherichia
Salmonella
Shigella
165
In Butanediol fermentation, what is the end product? (VP)
acetoin
2,3-butanediol
More on alkaline environment
166
What bacteria utilizes Butanediol fermentation
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Serratia
167
What bacteria utilizes Butyric acid fermentation?
Clostridium
Fusobacterium
Eubacterium
(Obligate anaerobes)
168
What is the end product of aerobic pathway or the krebs cycle?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
169
It is a series of chemical reaction that is used by aerobic organisms to convert carbohydrate to carbon dioxide and produce ATP
Krebs cycle (Tricarboxylic acid cycle)
170
What bacteria use for lactose fermentation?
Enterobacteriaceae
171
What agar is used to ferment lactose?
MacConkey agar
172
A Mechanism gene transfer that incorporates DNA from extracellular environment to recipient bacteria.
Transformation
173
What do you call a cells that can take up naked DNA?
Competent
174
A Mechanism gene transfer that uses bacteriophage as a medium for transfer of genes to the bacteria.
Transduction
175
A Mechanism gene transfer where DNA is transfer through cell to cell contact (Pili)
Conjugation
176
Enzymes that cut DNA on a specific area of plasmids
Restriction enzymes.
