1. Overview of Zoonoses Flashcards by isay mango

Originally, zoonoses were regarded as _____ _____

animal diseases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

who wrote Handbuch der Speciellen Pathologie und Therapie (“Handbook of Special Pathology and Therapeutics”) on 1855

Rudolf Virchow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what chapter of the book was mentioned?

“Infectionen durch contagiöse Thiergifte” (“Infections Caused by Animal Contagious Poisons”) with the subtitle “Zoonosen” (“Zoonoses”)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Based on mode of transmission (4):

[DCMS]

1) Direct Zoonoses
2) Cyclozoonoses
3) Metazoonoses
4) Saprozoonoses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Based on aetiology (5):

[VB PFP]

1) Virus
2) Bacteria
3) Parasites
4) Fungi
5) Prions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Based on direction of the transmission (3):

[ZAA]

1) Zooantroponoses
2) Antropozoonoses
3) Amphixenoses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Transmitted :
from –> “infected vertebrate”
to –> “susceptible vertebrate”
by –> direct or indirect contact (mechanical vectors)

Examples:
1. Rabies
2. Anthrax
3. Tuberculosis
4. Avian
5. Nipah
6. Orf

Direct zoonoses / Orthozoonoses

Examples:
1. Rabies
2. Anthrax
3. Tuberculosis
4. Avian
5. Nipah
6. Orf

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Require atleast “two” different vertebrate hosts to complete the transmission cycle of an infectious agent.

Cyclozoonoses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cyclozoonoses where humans are “obligatory host” for completion of life cycle

Obligatory cyclozoonoses (Euzoonoses)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cyclozoonoses where humans are “accidentally involved” in completion of life cycle

ex. Cystic echinococcosis

Non-Obligatory cyclozoonoses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Require both vertebrates and invertebrates for the completion of their infectious cycle

Examples:
1. Paragonomiasis
2. Plague,
3. Yellow fever

Metazoonoses / Pherozoonoses

Examples:
1. Paragonomiasis
2. Plague,
3. Yellow fever

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Require BOTH
1) vertebrate host and an
2) inanimate developmental site or reservoir.

The developmental reservoir is considered non-animal, such as organic matter, including:
- food
- soil
- plants

Examples:
1. Cutaneous larva migrans (Ancylostomiasis)
2. Fascioliasis

Saprozoonoses

Examples:
1. Cutaneous larva migrans (Ancylostomiasis)
2. Fascioliasis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hosts are LOWER vertebrate animals

Anthropozoonoses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hosts are HUMAN beings

Zooanthroponoses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hosts are BOTH lower vertebrate animals and humans.

Amphixenoses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the infectious agents’ cycle is restricted to DOMESTIC animals

Synanthropic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

usually accompanied by a sylvatic (feral and wild) cycle in natural foci outside human habitats

Exoanthropic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____% of existing human infectious diseases are zoonotic

60%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

At least ___% of emerging infectious diseases of humans have an animal origin

70%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__% of agents with potential bioterrorist use are zoonotic pathogens

80%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Zoonotic diseases are _______ and their occurrence is affected by interactions between the host, the agent and the environment

multifactorial

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

those that newly appear in a population or have existed previously but are now rapidly increasing in incidence or geographical range

give examples

Emerging Zoonotic Diseases

1) HIV and AIDS
2) highly pathogenic avian influenza (bird flu)
3) bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Often triggered by events such as climate changes, flooding and other climate events, and famines.

Their overall health burden is much less than that of endemic zoonoses but because they cause ‘shocks’ to food production and other systems, they can reduce the resilience of the affected communities.

Give examples

Epidemic zoonoses

1) Anthrax
2) Rabies
3) Rift Valley fever
4) Leishmaniasis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Continually present to a greater or lesser degree in certain
populations, but are often marginalized by health systems at national and international levels.

Neglected Zoonotic Diseases

1) Brucellosis
2) Cysticercosis (pig tapeworm)
3) Echinococcosis (hydatid disease)
4) Japanese encephalitis
5) Leishmaniasis
6) Leptospirosis
7) Q fever
8) Rabies
9) Foodborne trematodiases
10) Trypanosomiasis
11) Cattle tuberculosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Zoonoses management requires an integrated and intersectoral approach. At the global level, three organizations have mandates that cover zoonotic disease:

1) the World Health Organisation (WHO) 2) the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) 3) the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

this organization: Each country has their own OIE Delegate and focal person OIE delegates --> makes the "List of Notifiable Diseases of Zoonotic Importance"

WOAH World Animal Health Information System

“Guidelines on the Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (PIDSR) Framework”

DOH-AO No. 2007-0036

“Creating the Philippine Inter-Agency Committee on Zoonoses.”

AO No. 10 of 2011

“Guidelines to Operationalize the Philippine. Inter-agency Committee on Zoonoses. (PHILCZ)”

DOH-DA-DENR AO 2020-02

“Guidelines on the Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (PIDSR) Framework”

DOH-AO No. 2007-0036

“Creating the Philippine Inter-Agency Committee on Zoonoses.” It establishes composition, duties and responsibilities of the above mentioned Committe, entitled to: ensure that the animal and human health sectors’ plans, programs and activities are consistent with the National Strategic Work Plan

AO No. 10 of 2011

“Guidelines to Operationalize the Philippine. Inter-agency Committee on Zoonoses. (PHILCZ)” Order is hereby issued to provide the guidelines for the effective operation of the Philippine Inter-Agency Committee on Zoonoses (PhiICZ) as the functional and sustainable "One Health" mechanism --> to strengthen the coordination between the animal-human health and environment sectors to prevent and control zoonotic diseases at the national and local levels.

DOH-DA-DENR AO 2020-02

(5) FIVE new human diseases appear every year and ____ are of ANIMAL origin

(3) THREE

Zoonoses are also "opportunistic" and tend to affect hosts that are already stressed by : 1) 2) 3)

1) environmental 2) social, or 3) economic conditions

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emerging zoonotic disease are caused by (2)

1) apparently new agents 2) previously known microorganisms appearing in places/species

THREE (3) types of change that allow virulent pathogens to initiate a new move from animal-host to human-host [ehp]

change in 1) environment 2) host 3) pathogen itself

Top 3 primary drivers of PAST disease emergence

TOP 1 --> Land use changes (31%) 2 --> Agricultural industry changes (15%) 3 --> International travel and commerce (13%)

The majority of emerging zoonotic disease (71.8%) originate in _____

wildlife (China )

(4) Global distribution of relative risk of EID events [ ZZDV ]

1) Zoonotic pathogens from wildlife 2) Zoonotic pathogens from domestic animals 3) Drug resistance pathogens 4) Vector-borne pathogens

Neglected zoonotic diseases are commonly associated with _____

poverty

It impacts the lives and livelihoods of millions of poor livestock keepers or those living in periurban slums primarily in developing countries.

Neglected zoonotic diseases

Other drivers of neglected zoonotic diseases

1) Massive under report 2) Significant human morbidity and mortality 3) Impose a dual burden on humans and animals 4) Ancient disease, often eliminated in wealthy countries 5) Control at source when feasible is highly cost effective 6) Pose no potential for global spread 7) Affect poor and marginalized communities

(3) Impact of zoonotic diseases

1. Animal health 2. Human health 3. Economic impact

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

The 2004 outbreak in East Asia resulted in economic losses of US$ 20 billion over the following (5) years. The 2015 outbreak in the US has cost the poultry industry US$ 3.3 billion and led to the death of 48 million birds either from the flu itself or from culling.

Avian Influenza (#1 in impacts of zoonoses)

US$ 15 billion of economic losses from 1986-2009 in the UK

Bovine tuberculosis

The 2014-2015 Ebola outbreaks in 1) Guinea 2) Liberia, & 3) Sierra Leone ..led to 11,310 deaths and 28,616 confirmed cases

Ebola

Since September 2012, (27) countries have reported confirmed cases, with about 624 deaths

MERS

US$ 671 million of economic losses, one million pigs culled, and 100 people died from the 1998 outbreak in Malaysia

Nipah virus

The impact of the 2002 outbreak was estimated at US$ 41.5 billion, with 8,000 confirmed infections and 800 deaths.

SARS

Considered (very important) zoonoses in wildlife interface 1) human health impact 2) livestock impact 3) amenability to agricultural interventions 4) severity of disease 5) emergence

1) Leptospirosis 2) Chikungunya 3) Ebola 4) Hanta disease

Considered (important) zoonoses in wildlife interface

1) Gastrointestinal (zoonotic) 2) Rabies 3) Leishmaniasis 4) Toxoplasmosis 5) Q fever 6) Trypanosomosis 7) Chagas 8) Avian influenza 9) Psittacosis 10) Rift Valley fever

In just the last decade, US$_______ have been directly spent in responding to emerging zoonoses and in implementing initiatives for better progressive control of zoonoses

~US$20 billion

US$_______ in indirect costs to affected economies.

~US$200 billion

Integrated and intersectoral approach of zoonoses management. At global level, (3-4) organizations have madates that cover zoonotic diseases which are 1. 2. 3. 4.

1) WHO 2) WOAH 3) FAO 4) UN

Reporting flowchart of reports for human illness/deaths (HUMAN health sector)

1. DOH secretary 2. Convening pf PhilCZ (continued in Annex 4)

Reporting flowchart of reports for ANIMAL health sector Ex. a) Field reports of sick or dead animals/meat inspection findings (from locally registered meat establishments) of notifiable zoonotic disease b) Notifiable zoonotic disease during meat inspection in NMIS-licensed meat establishments

1. DA-OSEC 2. Convening pf PhilCZ (continued in Annex 4) Central office - BAI

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Reporting flowchart of reports for WILDLIFE health sector

1. DENR 2. Convening pf PhilCZ (continued in Annex 4) (BAI & BMB are closely coordinated)

Zoonotic disease situation of national importance (3)

1. DENR secretary 2. DA secretary 3. DOH secretary

(3) Joint response [ R (AMC) ]

1. Risk Assessment 2. Risk Management 3. Risk Communication

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances

Emergence of zoonotic diseases is often associated with 1) _______ ______ or 2) _______ ______

1) environmental changes or 2) ecological disturbances