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AP Psychology > [1] Research Methods > Flashcards

[1] Research Methods Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Cultural norms

A

Shared expectations and rules that guide behavior of people within social groups.

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2
Q

Cognitive Biases

A

Systematic ways in which the context and framing of information influence individuals’ judgments and decisions.

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3
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs.

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4
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

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5
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to be more confident than correct in judgments.

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6
Q

Qualitative research

A

Research that examines non-numerical data like interviews or open-ended responses.

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7
Q

Quantitative research

A

Research that collects and analyzes numerical data.

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8
Q

Research design

A

The overall strategy used to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent way.

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9
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment to test its effects.

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10
Q

Random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance.

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11
Q

Case study

A

An in-depth analysis of a single individual or group.

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12
Q

Correlation

A

A measure of the extent to which two variables are related.

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13
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Combining results from multiple studies to find overall trends.

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14
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Observing behavior in its natural setting without interference.

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15
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction about how variables are related.

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16
Q

Falsifiable (Hypothesis)

A

A hypothesis that can be proven wrong through evidence.

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17
Q

Operational definition

A

Describing variables in specific, measurable terms.

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18
Q

Replication

A

Repeating a study to see if the results are consistent.

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19
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable that is measured and expected to change due to the IV.

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20
Q

Confounding variable

A

An outside factor that might affect the dependent variable.

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21
Q

Variables

A

Any factor that can vary or change in an experiment.

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22
Q

Mean

A

The average of a data set.

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23
Q

Median

A

The middle score when data is ordered.

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24
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring score.

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25
Range
The difference between the highest and lowest values.
26
Standard deviation
A measure of how spread out numbers are around the mean.
27
Normal Curve
A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve where most data points are near the mean.
28
Percentile Rank
The percentage of scores below a specific score.
29
Positive Skew
When the tail on the right side of the distribution is longer.
30
Negative Skew
When the tail on the left side of the distribution is longer.
31
Bimodal Distribution
A distribution with two different peaks or modes.
32
Regression toward the mean
The tendency for extreme scores to return toward the average on retesting.
33
Claim/Norm
A statement or accepted standard in research or society.
34
Participants
Individuals who take part in a research study.
35
Sample
A subset of the population used in research.
36
Population
The entire group from which a sample is drawn.
37
Representative Sample
A sample that accurately reflects the population's characteristics.
38
Random sampling
Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
39
Convenience sampling
Selecting participants who are easiest to access.
40
Sampling bias
A flaw that leads to a non-representative sample.
41
Generalizability
The extent to which results apply to other populations or settings.
42
Experimental Group
The group exposed to the treatment or independent variable.
43
Control Group
The group not exposed to the treatment; used for comparison.
44
Placebo
An inert substance or treatment given to control group.
45
Placebo effect
Improvement due to expectations rather than the treatment itself.
46
Single-blind procedure
Participants don't know if they are in the control or experimental group.
47
Double-blind procedure
Neither researchers nor participants know group assignments.
48
Experimenter bias
Researcher's expectations influence the study’s outcome.
49
Social desirability bias
Tendency to respond in a way that is viewed favorably by others.
50
Structured interviews
Standardized set of questions asked in the same way to all participants.
51
Likert scales
A rating scale (e.g., 1–5) used to measure attitudes or opinions.
52
Peer review
Evaluation of scientific work by others in the field.
53
Replication
Repeating research to confirm results.
54
Inferential data
Data used to draw conclusions and generalizations.
55
Descriptive data
Data that summarizes or describes features of a dataset.
56
Scatterplot
A graph with points that show relationships between two variables.
57
Correlation coefficient
A numerical measure of the strength and direction of a relationship.
58
Effect sizes
A measure of the strength of a phenomenon.
59
Statistical significance
The likelihood that a result is not due to chance.
60
Third variable problem
When a third factor affects both variables being studied.
61
Positive Correlation
As one variable increases, the other also increases.
62
Negative Correlation
As one variable increases, the other decreases.
63
Survey technique
A method of gathering information using questionnaires.
64
Wording effect
Changes in wording that influence responses.
65
Self-report bias
Inaccuracy in responses due to memory or social pressures.
66
Institutional review board
A committee that reviews research to protect participants.
67
Informed consent
Participants agree to partake in a study after being informed of all risks and benefits.
68
Informed assent
When minors agree to participate, with consent from a guardian.
69
Protection from harm
Ethical guideline ensuring participants are not physically or psychologically harmed.
70
Confidentiality
Keeping participant information private.
71
Deception
Misleading participants about the true purpose of the study when necessary.
72
Confederates
Actors who work with the researcher and appear as participants.
73
Debriefing
Informing participants about the true purpose of the study after it ends.

AP Psychology (20 decks)

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