[3] Cognition [Memory Systems]

Question 1

Storage

Answer 1

The retention of encoded information over time.

Question 2

Retrieval

Answer 2

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Question 3

Explicit memory

Answer 3

Memory that involves conscious recollection of information, such as facts and events.

Question 4

Episodic memory

Answer 4

A type of explicit memory that involves recollection of personal experiences and specific events.

Question 5

Semantic memory

Answer 5

A type of explicit memory that involves general world knowledge and facts not tied to personal experience.

Question 6

Implicit memory

Answer 6

Unconscious memory that influences thoughts and behaviors without conscious awareness.

Question 7

Procedural memory

Answer 7

A type of implicit memory that involves skills and actions.

Question 8

Prospective memory

Answer 8

The memory for carrying out intended actions in the future.

Question 9

Long-term potentiation

Answer 9

A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation, considered a neural basis for learning.

Question 10

Working memory model

Answer 10

A model of short-term memory that includes multiple components (central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad) working together to process information.

Question 11

Primary memory system

Answer 11

The immediate memory store that holds information temporarily before it is either dismissed or encoded into long-term memory.

Question 12

Working memory

Answer 12

A limited-capacity system used for the temporary storage and manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks.

Question 13

Central executive

Answer 13

The component of working memory responsible for directing attention and coordinating information from subsidiary systems.

Question 14

Phonological loop

Answer 14

The component of working memory that deals with spoken and written material through rehearsal and subvocalization.

Question 15

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 15

The component of working memory that stores and manipulates visual and spatial information.

Question 16

Long-term memory

Answer 16

A system for storing information over long periods, potentially a lifetime.

Question 17

Multi-store model

Answer 17

A theory that divides memory into three distinct systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Question 18

Sensory memory

Answer 18

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Question 19

Iconic memory

Answer 19

A type of sensory memory for visual information that lasts for only a fraction of a second.

Question 20

Echoic memory

Answer 20

A type of sensory memory for auditory information that persists for a few seconds.

Question 21

Short-Term Memory

Answer 21

A system that holds a limited amount of information for a short duration, typically seconds to a minute.

Question 22

Long-Term Memory

Answer 22

(Repeated term) A storage system for information that is maintained over extended periods.

Question 23

Automatic processing

Answer 23

The effortless and unconscious encoding of information that occurs with minimal mental effort.

Question 24

Effortful processing

Answer 24

The conscious, intentional encoding of information, requiring focused attention.

Question 25

Encoding

Answer 25

The initial processing of information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Question 26

Storage

Answer 26

(Repeated term) The process of maintaining information over time in memory.

Question 27

Retrieval

Answer 27

(Repeated term) The process of accessing and bringing stored information into conscious awareness.

Question 28

Levels of processing model

Answer 28

A theory suggesting that memory retention depends on the depth (shallow to deep) at which information is processed.

Question 29

Shallow encoding

Answer 29

Processing information based on surface features such as its appearance or sound.

Question 30

Deep encoding

Answer 30

Processing information based on its meaning, which leads to better long-term retention.

Question 31

Structural, phonemic, semantic

Answer 31

Levels of processing that examine the form of information (structural), sound-based features (phonemic), or meaning (semantic).

Question 32

Encoding

Answer 32

(Repeated term) The process by which information is converted into a form that can be stored in memory.

Question 33

Mnemonic devices

Answer 33

Techniques designed to improve memory by linking new information to existing knowledge.

Question 34

Method of loci

Answer 34

A mnemonic strategy that involves visualizing items along a familiar route or location.

Question 35

Chunking-Grouping

Answer 35

The process of organizing individual pieces of information into larger, manageable units.

Question 36

Hierarchies-Grouping

Answer 36

Organizing information by creating levels or categories that demonstrate relationships among data.

Question 37

Spacing effect

Answer 37

The phenomenon whereby information is more easily recalled if exposure is spread out over time rather than massed.

Question 38

Memory consolidation

Answer 38

The process by which short-term memories are transformed into long-term ones.

Question 39

Massed practice

Answer 39

Repeatedly reviewing information in a short period (cramming) that is less effective for long-term retention.

Question 40

Distributed practice

Answer 40

Reviewing information over spaced intervals, leading to more durable long-term memory.

Question 41

Serial position effect

Answer 41

The tendency to recall best the first (primacy effect) and last (recency effect) items in a list.

Question 42

Primacy effect

Answer 42

The tendency to recall information presented at the beginning of a list more easily.

Question 43

Recency effect

Answer 43

The tendency to recall information presented at the end of a list more easily.

Question 44

Sensory memory

Answer 44

(Repeated term) A brief storage system for sensory information that lasts only a few seconds.

Question 45

Short-term memory

Answer 45

(Repeated term) A memory system that holds a few items briefly for immediate use.

Question 46

Working memory

Answer 46

(Repeated term) The system that actively manipulates and uses information held in short-term storage.

Question 47

Long-term memory

Answer 47

(Repeated term) A memory system capable of storing large amounts of information for long periods.

Question 48

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 48

Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory but without elaboration for long-term storage.

Question 49

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 49

A method of encoding information into long-term memory by relating new information to what is already known.

Question 50

Memory retention

Answer 50

The ability to maintain information in memory over time.