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Micro Exam 3 > 1: The Human Immune System: Innate Immunity > Flashcards

1: The Human Immune System: Innate Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

candida albicans

A

eukaryote model organism
causes most infections of humans
part of normal flora

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2
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A 
brewers yeast- fungi... EUKARYOTE
fermentation leads to ethanol production
wine beer, leaving of bread (from CO2 production)
Non-pathogen usually
model organism
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3
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism

A 
sexual AND asexual reproduction 
budding division 
secretion
cell division
eukaryotic cell signaling 
short division time
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4
Q

Break down of Immunity

A

Innate Immunity: First and Second lines of defense

Adaptive immunity: Third line of defense

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5
Q

Innate immunity:

A

born with it. it grows, but DOES NOT ADAPT

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6
Q

what is it that is making us feel ill?

A

immune responses

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7
Q

Innate immunity: First Line of Defense

A

intact skin
mucous membranes and secretions
normal microbiotia

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8
Q

Innate immunity: Second Line of Defense

A

Phagocytes (neutrophuls, eosiophils, dendrtic cells, macrophages)
Inflammation
Fever
Antimicrobial substances

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9
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Adapts over time. Able to learn

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10
Q

Adaptive Immunity: Third Line of Defense

A

specialized lymphocytes: T and B cells

antibodies

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11
Q

the goal of the immune system

A

to prevent pathogens and cultivate normal flora

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12
Q

antigens (general)

A

molecular patterns. can be proteins, carbs, lipids etc

have epitopes

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13
Q

epitope

A

part of antigen
specific patterns recognized by immune system
subset of atigens

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14
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
not found in normal human body… like LPS
sometimes called MAMPs (microbe)
innate immunity

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15
Q

Receptors types for PAPMs

A

Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) and Pattern Recognition Receptors

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16
Q

why call them MAMPs/

A

include ALL microbes, not just pathogens

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17
Q

Cytokines and chemokines

A 
lingo of the immune system
why you feel sick
small diffusable chems/peptides used in cell communication
immunostimulatory
immunosuppressive
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18
Q

immunostimulatory

A

pro-inflammatory

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19
Q

immunosuppressive

A

anti-inflammatory

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20
Q

antibody

A

PROTEIN secreted by B cells
specifically bind to an epitope
ADAPTIVE immune response
recognize epitopes on antigens from previous disease

recognizes just one epitope

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21
Q

Antigen

A

protein or other NOT FROM HOST
recognized by immune system

one antigen can have multiple epitopes

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22
Q

Epitope

A

amino acid sequence or structure recognized by SPECIFIC immune cell

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23
Q

how vaccines work

A

inject antigen into body
immune response stimulated
antibodies respond to antigen
may be many different responses to same antigen

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24
Q

pattern recognition receptors

A

the way macrophages sense the world

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25
macrophages on and off
resting macrophage until activated... good internal changes turn it on... like kicking a beehive nonspecific responses... kills everything around it, self or non-self
26
TLR-2
Gram Positive Bacteria: PEPTIDOGLYCAN
27
TRL-4
LPS of Gram Negative Bacteria
28
LPS Receptor (CD14)
LPS of Gram Negative Bacteria
29
Scavenger receptor
non-self carbohydrages | parasites
30
glucan receptor
parasites
31
mannose receptor
parasites
32
What DON'T macrophages recongize
viruses!
33
what do macrophages kill
Cells, any cell around it | goal: cellular pathogens
34
Toll Like Receptors (TLRs)
``` receptors in HOST CELLS bind to non-host moelcs signal cell to start immune response First recognition of pathogens different TLRs activate in response to different ligands PAMP ```
35
TLRs and viruses
recognize dislocalized nucleotides like: double stranded RNA in cytosol neuclic acids in endosome
36
So What do TLRs recognize?
bacteria, fungi (yeasts), viruses
37
Cytokines... in the overall process
after TLRs activate, signaling occurs | protein secretion, activation of immune cells, migration to infection site/proliferation of immune cells
38
cytokines... what they do
signaling molecs that transmit immunological information Pro-inflammatory Anti-inflmmatory
39
Pro-inflammatory
activate immune cels like macrophages and stim innate AND adaptive immune cells to migrate to site of disturbance
40
Anti-inflmmatory
turn of activated cells | after pathogens dealt with, these chems stop more damage from occuring. ends inflammatory response
41
Skin
keep stuff out. | Dead cells... non-vital cells
42
Keratinocytes
most outer layer. dead cells
43
epidermis
squamous cells | makes cells that turn into keratinocytes
44
dermis
blood vessils, follicles
45
immune functions of skin
low pH? subum: skin oil. has antimicrobial peptides physical barrier perspiration: lysozymes
46
lysozyme
enzyme to cultivate bacteria | digests peptidoglycan
47
Mucus Membranes
surfaces exposed to bacteria | soft/live barrier.
48
where are most infections?
through skin. but they go away quickly
49
where are most illnesses?
mucous membranes
50
What is mucus made of?
glycoprotein
51
What makes mucus?
goblet cells | amount of mucus made is proportional to bacteria present (including normal flora)
52
ciliated cells
move mucus towards exits
53
epithelial cells
``` digestive tract and respiratory tract (connected) urogentical tract (not connected) ```
54
Mucus membrane secretions
``` saliva gastric juice vaginal secretions atimicrobial peptides mucus ```
55
saliva
pH of 6.55-6.85 | lysozyme
56
gastric juice
pH of 1-3 digestive enzymes PPIs stop acid secretion in stomach. but this has little effect on immune system bile acids break up fats
57
vaginal secretions
glycogen broken down to lactic acid by Lactobacillus acidophilus this DECREASES pH, prevents yeast
58
antimicrobial peptides
lysozyme | small proteins made by body that kill some bacterial species
59
Innate immunity 1.5: Bloodborne Immunity
``` Complement System (w. 30 peptides) Cellular immunity: WBCs, innate and adaptive immunity ```
60
Inflammation
process of body responding to activation of INNATE receptor | due to release of cytokines from surveillance cells
61
systematic inflammation
feeling ill, all over body
62
local inflammation
``` like a pimple. rednesss at one spot recruitment of WBCs pus clearance repair ```
63
Vasodilation
opeing of capillaries. Process: - infiltration of fluid - swelling - heat
64
Phagocyte Micgration and Inflammation
chemotaxis of phagocytic cells macrophages and PMN WBCs that swallow stuff they follow chemokines
65
Tissue repair
after inflammation | platelet repair
66
Fever
systemic response to cytokines where core temp is raised can keep certain pathogens from reproducing. can be good or bad

Micro Exam 3 (7 decks)

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