3: Adaptive Immunity Flashcards by Ryley Tegler

Natural Killer cells

ensure homeostasis!
cells off in any way? NK cells clean up prob by killing cell

initial response to viruses
dealing with most cancerous cell growths

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How NK cells work

healthy cells have receptor that activate NK by saying “i’m self!”
Primary way of recognition of problem: Receptor counting
then kill

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Receptor Counting

NK counts things like MHC... 
# of MHCs changes with some viruses, or MHCs are modified by viruse

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what can NK take caere of

most diseases/cancers unless things get waaaay out of control

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Antibody Stimulation of NK Cells

antibodies sent to cell surface proteins
NK cells bind to clusters of antibodies on surface
granules released, apoptosis

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cancer vaccines

molecs are on cancer cell surface only
antibodies to protein stimulated
NK come kill

this is very specific, so expensive and hard

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Apoptosis

NOT NECROSIS
not pro-inflmmatory

blobs form dead cells endocytosed and recycled
chop up DNA to destroy virus genome
programmed cell dealth

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necrosis

pro-inflammatory cell death
recruit immune system
all cell dealth other than apoptosis is pro-inflammatory

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B cells

adaptive immunity
One antigen for one B cell… true love. SPECIFICITY
has antibody on surface, with different shape so it can interact with just its antigen
antigen binding domain is pretty much randomly generated

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How are B cells generated

RANDOMLY

in ABSENCE of the antigen (not made in response to it)

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When the antigen binds to the B cell

reproduction and maturation
eventual development into plasma cell 
all bind to same antigens
all have same binding site
all make same antibody

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what do plasma cells do?

secrete antibodies

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two things activated B cells can produce

eventual plasma cells

memory B cells

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Memory B cells

stick around for years

quicker response to an old stimulant

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Memory B and vaccines

vaccines don’t last a lifetime, but do last for years
because a lot of things we vaccinate against we aren’t often in contact with, so B cell supply not kept up
antigens don’t interact with B cells since they arent around much

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SO why is B cell adaptive?

the SECOND set of B cells (reproduction) is created because of antigen binding

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Understand pic on slide 8

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Antigen Binding site (variation)

lots of variation due to
2 proteins, 2 copies of each protein (heavy and light)
these proteins can be made of a ton of variation in V, D, and J
10^14 possible antigen binding sites

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Antigen Binding Site: Stem region (Fc)

Fc region is the same for the same immunoglobulin (all same stem for IgG for ex)
transmits info to immune system
INTERACTS WITH HOST CELL
attached to the heavy chain

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Antigen Binding Site: VDJ region

where the antigen attaches
2, bind 2 antigens per binding apparatus
Each LINE of antibody has a different binding site

ability to cross-link and agglutinate

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most general job of antibody

transmit info to immune cells about presence of non-innate antigen
transmit through Fc region
we can recognize about 10^14 molec patterns this way

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innate receptors

recognize non self molecular patterns

we only recognize about 20 PAMPS this way

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what is the difference between the 5 immunoglobulin classes

the FC region

so they can interact with dffernt cell types

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IgG

most common in blood
recognized by NK cells
enhances phagocytosis
neutralize toxins and viruses
protects fetus/newborn

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IgM

agglutinates antigens | first antibodies produced in response to initial infection

IgA

mostly found in mucous agglutination bc not many immune cells in mucous has FOUR antigen binding sites stopping colds in secretions, a little in blood and lymph

IgD

blood and lymph serum function unknown On B cells for initiation of immune response

IgE

allergic reactions lysis of worms mast cells and basophils least common immunoglobulin

STUDY SLIDE 10

B stem cells

in bone marrow of long bones right cytokines to stem cells leads to B cell production VDJ

how we make 10^14 different antigen binding sites

VDJ region... lots of ways to have V, D, and J VDJ chromosome 9 loci on each V, D, and J random rearrangement of VDJ region occurs during development

how we pick mates

can tell by smell if someone has different VDJs than us | which is good, then our offspring can have variation

Negative Selection

in bone marrow test see if B cell is stimulated by self if so, KILL IT (we don't want self to stimulate B cell response, that would kill us)

Negative selection laymens terms

(B cell) killed if you recognize self

autoimmunity

if something goes wrong with negative selection

If B cell passes negative selection

go to lymph node and spleen | look for antigens here

If B cell activated in lymph node/spleen

Go to periphery

IgA in gut

bc lots of associated lymph cells

Memory cells

stay in lymph nodes

lymph nodes

central controlling region of body

isotype switching

``` chnage in class of immunoglobin being made occurs in thymus with help from helper T cells ```

what does isotype class of antibody do?

determines how antibody does its job

What do be cells start with

IgM | transition to other classes later (mostly IgG)

how is it determined what type of isoltype the B cell siwthces to?

by co-stimulatory facotrs like LPS and cytokines presented.

Review slide 15

review slide 15

baby immune system

baby born supplemented with mothers immune system | doesnt really have its own

where do T cells develop

stem cells in long bone marrow (like B)

where do T cells mature?

In thymus

How antibodies protect from infection?

``` Complement Pathway (classical pathway) antibody mediated can be done by IgGs ```

Positive Selection

select for T cell receptor that CAN interact with MHC | can T cell recognize the MHC?

tests for growing T cells

positive selection | Negative selection

Negative selection

select for T cell receptors that DONT BIND TO SELF PEPTIDES (kill those that do) you only survive if you dont bind to self

Neutralization

preventing something from occuring of: toxins: prevention of binding of toxin bacteria: adhesion to host cell blocked. mostly in gut and mucus viruses: neutrilze receptors of virus or something

Toxins

Tetnus: 2 parts, A and B B: binding toxin to human cell A: kill human cell

antibody mediated activation of Macrophages

aggregated immuonglubulins go to bacterial surface cross linking of Fc receptors macrophage activated kill everything

antibody mediated opsonization

makes it easy for marophage to endocytose

antibody mediated recruitment of NK Cells

antibodies on surface cluster degranulation happens apoptosis

Mast Cell Activation (degranulation)

antigen binding to antibodies... degran of mast cells | allergies

do antibodies kill things?

NO! they recuit NK cells, MAC attack, or somethig else to kill

what do antibodies DO? (broadly)

mark things and tell immune system to kill them

VDJ in T cells

similar to B, but different VDJ

how T cells recognize things

through presentation by MHC

where things happen in T cells: Recombination

bone marrow (creating VDJ and whatever)

where things happen in T cells: maturation

(to nieve) | THYMUS (positive and negative selection here)

what is selection?

surviving | selection means surviving in a consequence of death

primary functions of T cells

``` kill (CD8) or help (CD4) ```

after maturation in thymus?

T cells go to body

what recognizes floating antigens?

antibodies

what do T cells recognize?

antigens ONLY when in the context of MHC

what are MHCs

molecs present on surface of macrophages | B cells, processional APCs (antigen presenting cells) and cells infected with intracellular pathogen

whats HLA

human version of MHC | we want differences in both in mates

professional APCs

macrophages | B cells

B cells make

antibodies

macrophages...

control immune response

antigen presentation is a

check on improper activation | macrophages check with T cells so they don't improperly activate and kill everything

MHC class one activate

CD8 T cells

MHC class two activate

CD4 T cells

CD8 T cells

kill cells

CD4 T cells

activate something else to kill

3: Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

(79 cards)