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MHD V: Renal > 10.27: intro > Flashcards

10.27: intro Flashcards

1
Q

Major functions of the kidney?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Excretion
  3. Electrolyte / acid base homeostasis
  4. BP regulation
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2
Q

When are GFR calculations reliable?

A
  • Only when ptn. is in steady state

- Calculations do not work once patient has renal impairment

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3
Q

Equation for fractional excretion of Na / urea?

A

= (Urine Na / Plasma Na) / (Urine Creatinine / Plasma Ca)

***Helps to determine cause of acute kidney injury

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4
Q

Components of the kidney?

A
  1. Glomeruli
  2. Tubules
  3. Interstitium
  4. Vasculature
  5. Renal calyx
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5
Q

Components of collecting system?

A
  1. Ureters
  2. Bladder
  3. Urethra
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6
Q

GFR equation?

A

(Urine creatinine x volume) / Plasma creatinine

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7
Q

Cockrost Gault GFR forluma?

A

( (140 - age) x weight (kg) x .85 (females)) / 72 x serum Cr

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8
Q

What is normal urine output?

A

1500 ml per day

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9
Q

What is Oliguria?

A
  • Too little urine output
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10
Q

What is anuria?

A

No urine output

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11
Q

What is polyuria?

A
  • > 3000 ml per day

- Too much urine output

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12
Q

What is azotemia?

A
  • An elevation in renal indices

- Normally an increase in BUN

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13
Q

What is BUN?

A

“Blood urea nitrogen”

- Urea nitrogen is formed when protein breaks down

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14
Q

What is uremia?

A
  • Syndrome that can accompany severe renal failure
    1. Fatigue
    2. Anorexia
    3. Altered mental status
    4. Serositis: effusion
    5. Platelet dysfunction
    6. Itching
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15
Q

What is AKI? ARF?

A

ARF: “Acute renal failure” old term
AKI: “Acute kidney injury” new term

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16
Q

What are CRI? CRF? CKD?

A

CRI: “Chronic renal insufficiency”
CRF: “Chronic renal failure”
CKD: “Chronic kidney disease” NEW TERM

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17
Q

What is ESRD?

A
  • “End stage renal disease”
18
Q

Parameters for AKI?

A

Abrupt drop in kidney function in 48 hours defined as:

  1. Increase serum Cr
  2. Oliguria
19
Q

Characteristics of CKD?

A
  • Progressive decrease in GFR over time
  • Usually lasting at least 3 months
  • With or without albuminuria
20
Q

What is normal GFR?

21
Q

What are the 5 stages of renal disease?

A
  1. Kidney damage with normal GFR > 90
  2. Kidney damage with GFR 60 - 89
  3. GFR 30 - 59
  4. GFR 15 - 29
  5. Kidney failure: GFR
22
Q

What is hematuria?

A

Blood in the urine

23
Q

What is nephrolithiasis?

A
  • AKA “Kidney Stones”
  • Presents as moderate to severe renal colic
  • Ca oxalate and Ca phosphate most common
24
Q

Another name for kidney stones?

A

Nephrolithiasis

25
What are dysmorphic RBCs in urine characteristic of?
- Glomerular hematuria
26
What is pyuria?
WBCs or pus in the urine
27
When are epithelial casts usually seen?
Acute tubular necrosis
28
When are fatty casts seen?
Lipiduria seen in nephrotic syndrome
29
When are hyaline casts seen?
1. Dehydration 2. Exercise 3. Diuretic therapy
30
When are waxy casts seen?
Advanced kidney disease
31
What is nephrotic syndrome? Characteristics?
* * > 3 - 3.5g / day of protein in urine 1. Hypoalbuminemia 2. Peripheral edema 3. Hyperlipidemia: to raise oncotic pressure 4. Thrombophilia: tendency to clot, in renal vein 5. Bland urinary sediment 6. Non inflammatory renal biopsy
32
Characteristics of nephritic syndrome?
1. Inflammatory renal biopsy 2. Active urinary sediment 3. Variable proteinuria 4. Azotemia / oliguria 5. Mild Htn.
33
What is normal total body water?
- 60% total body weight - 2/3 intracellular, 1/3 extra - 1/4 of extra is plasma volume - 3/4 extra is interstitial space
34
What are IV crystalloid solutions?
- Used in volume depletion | - Disperse across ECW
35
What are IV colloid solutions?
- Given in volume depletion - Tend to stay in plasma volume - Packed RBCs or albumin solution
36
Where is EPO produced?
Kidneys
37
Function of Vitamin D?
- Regulates Ca absorption and maintains normal levels of Ca and phosphorus
38
Where is vitamin D activated?
- In the kidneys | - Produced in liver
39
Why is anemia seen in advanced kidney disease?
EPO is made in kidney
40
Why is there decrease in vitamin D in kidney disease?
- Vitamin D is activated in kidney
41
What are the non specific symptoms of renal disease?
1. Fever 2. Pain 3. Rash 4. Eosinophilia
42
What type of molecules can be
- Small, uncharged un protein bound molecules

MHD V: Renal (28 decks)

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