CNS

Question 1

cerebrum

Answer 1

largest region, controlling conscious thought, complex movements, and memory
has 2 layers
-outer layer- grey matter contains neuron cell bodies.
inner white matter that contains axons encased in myelin sheaths

Question 2

frontal lobe

Answer 2

controls movement, language, and other higher thinking functions

Question 3

temporal

Answer 3

contains the auditory, taste, olfaction and memory

Question 4

parietal

Answer 4

integrates sensory information related to movement and posture

Question 5

occipital

Answer 5

contains the vision center

Question 6

diencephalon

Answer 6

integrates sensory information and motor commands. (thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, part of epithalamus)

Question 7

thalamus

Answer 7

transfer impulses received from sensory neurons to the correct region of the cerebrum.

Question 8

hypothalamus

Answer 8

controls many aspects of internal homoeostasis, including body temperature, water balance, and overall metabolism

Question 9

pineal gland

Answer 9

releases melatonin, to regulate day-night cycles

Question 10

brain stem

Answer 10

directly attaches the brain to the spinal chord

Question 11

pons

Answer 11

contains the neurons responsible for controlling breathing ( along with the medulla)

Question 12

medulla oblongata

Answer 12

lowest part of the brain stem, merging into the spinal cord (controls heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, vomiting and breathing.)

Question 13

why does the CNS has more protection than any other part of the body ?

Answer 13

due to the size and complex shape of neuron they are unable to undergo mitosis making them irreplaceable

Question 14

protection of the CNS

Answer 14

flat bones of skull underneath that the meninges is found
the meninges is formed by three layers
dura mater- outermost layer and thickest
arachnoid mater- network of blood vessels
pia mater- innermost layer

Question 15

after the meninges what next ?

Answer 15

cerebrospinal fluid- similar to plasma, circulates through a series of ventricles throughout the brain. (provides a watery cushion that protects nervous tissue from trauma)
- a blood- brain barrier, made of capillaries, only allows water, glucose, and amino acids into the brain area. (wastes, proteins, and cells are kept out)

Question 16

spinal cord

Answer 16

a continuation of the brain stem down the back towards the pelvis.
bone, meninges and CSF provide protection.

Question 17

spinal nerves

Answer 17

mixed nerves that carry both motor, somatic and autonomic signals to the body from the spinal cord

Question 18

reflexes

Answer 18

rapid involuntary response to a stimulus. these actions occur more quickly because they by pass the brain (reflex arc)

Question 19

reflex arc

Answer 19

begins with a stimulus at a sensory neuron (pain, heat)
the signal is then sent to an interneuron located in the spinal cord, which then activated a motor neuron.A neurotransmitter is released at a cholinergic synapse- the muscle contracts in response to the neurotransmitter and the reflex is completed `

Question 20

cranial nerves

Answer 20

12 pairs of nerves, mostly from the head and neck that attach directly to the brain by passing the spinal cord
part of the autonomic nervous system

Question 21

list the 12 cranial nerves

Answer 21

1.) olfactory (sensory)
2.) optic (sensory)
3.) oculomotor (eye muscle motor)
4.) trochlear (eye muscle, motor)
5.) trigeminal (facial sensory)
chewing muscles( motor)
6.) abducens Eye muscles (motor)
7.) facial (taste sensory) facial muscles (motor )
8.) vestibulocochlear (balance and hearing) sensory
9.) glossopharyngeal taste sensory, swallowing motor
10.) vagus ( sensory and motor neurons that affect sweating, peristalsis, HR, opening, the larynx for speech and breathing)
11.) accesory nerves- neck and upper back muscles (motor)
12.) hypoglossal tongue( motor)

Question 22

encephalitis

Answer 22

inflammation of the brain itself, caused by a foreign substance or a virus.- headache, drowsiness, nausea, fever

Question 23

meningitis

Answer 23

inflammation of the meninges (membranes) of the brain and spinal cord. -fever, stiff neck

Question 24

alzheimer’s disease

Answer 24

degenerative disease that cause a gradual loss of neuron cell bodies and synapses in the cerebral cortex- affects new memories first

Question 25

brain tumors

Answer 25

masses of cells that overgrow in specific areas of the brain. symptoms very depending on the region affected

Question 26

stroke

Answer 26

blood clot or ruptured blood vessels interrupts blood flow to a specific part of the brain
brain cells die due to the lack of O2

Question 27

concussion

Answer 27

traumatic brain injury caused by an impact that is not absorbed by CSF and damages the brain itself