metabolism

Question 1

coenzymes of metabolism

Answer 1

coenzyme A
is a vitamin B derivative
pantothenic acid (B5]

NADH+H+
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - reduced form

FADH2
Flavin adenine dinucleotide - reduced form

transfer hydrogen atoms between a compound being oxidized and one that is being reduced
loss and gain of hydrogen atoms is associated with energy losses and gains
i.e. coenzymes transfer energy between compounds

Question 2

dietary carbohydrates

Answer 2

sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides)
e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose
starches (polysaccharides)
e.g. glycogen, cellulose

Question 3

glycolysis

Answer 3

anaerobic process
catabolism of glucose
takes place in cytoplasm

Question 4

when O2 is lacking in glycolysis

Answer 4

glucose– glycolysis— pyruvic acid—- anaerobic pathway— lactic acid
Next step of Pyruvic acid catabolism when oxygen is present
No ATP produced here
formation of acetyl coenzyme A

Question 5

last step in glucose catabolism

Answer 5

the electron transfer chain

Question 6

ATP produced in aerobic respiration

Answer 6

34-36 ATP per glucose
2 ATP produced anaerobically in glycolysis
grand total of 36-38 ATP per molecule glucose

Question 7

glycogenesis

Answer 7

Short term storage of glucose in the liver and muscles in the form of Glycogen

Question 8

glucose anabolism

Answer 8

excess glucose in the body- can also be converted into lipogenesis
reversible process

Question 9

glucogenesis

Answer 9

when the liver needs to produce glucose because sugar is low in supply
is stimulated by cortisol and glucagon

Question 10

A.A

Answer 10

essential amino acids:
the ten amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body
must be obtained from diet
nonessential amino acids:
the ten amino acids that the body is able to synthesize
complete protein:
contain all the essential amino acids needed by the body
incomplete protein:
protein-rich but lacking in certain essential amino acids

Question 11

anabolic rx involving amino acids

Answer 11

directed by DNA,

utilizes RNA and ribosomes to link amino acids by peptide bonds and form functional proteins

Question 12

catabolism of amino acids

Answer 12

deamination:
removal of the amino group of an amino acid
amino group (NH2)converted to ammonia (NH3)
fate of ammonia:
hepatocytes convert ammonia to urea excreted in urine
utilization of deaminated amino acids: enter into Krebs cycle

Question 13

dietary lipids

Answer 13

triglycerides
saturated fats
contain single carbon bonds only so every carbon is bound to the maximum # of hydrogen (saturated with hydrogen)
unsaturated fats
contain double bonds between one or more carbons and thus do not contain the maximum # hydrogen

Question 14

lipid metabolism

Answer 14

lipolysis (stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol )
lipogenesis (stimulated by insulin )