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anatomy and physiology > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones as a primary or secondary function and play an integral role in normal bodily processes

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2
Q

paracrine

A

chemical signaling that elicits a response in neighboring cells

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3
Q

autocrine

A

chemical signaling acts on the same cell that secreted it

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4
Q

hormones

A

secretion of an endocrine organ that travels via the bloodstream or lymphatics to induced a response in target cells or tx in another part of the body

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5
Q

peptides hormones

A

water soluble, lipophobic

exert action via receptor on cell membrane

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6
Q

steroid hormones

A

water insoluble, lipophilic

exert action intracellularly

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7
Q

hypothalamus posterior lobe

A

hypothalamus————hormone

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8
Q

anterior lobe (hypothalamus)

A

hypothalamus— releasign factor—- endocrine cells

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9
Q

oxytocin

posterior hypothalamus

A

stimulated by
cervical stretch during birthing
suckling
physical affection
effects:
Increase intracellular Ca+ - Increase strength of contraction
Breast milk ejection “milk letdown reflex”
Male ejaculation
“Cuddle hormone” - love / affection/compassion

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10
Q

ADH

A

Stimulated by:
Low Blood Pressure ( through Angtiotensin II)
High Blood osmolality

Effects:
Increased water reabsorption in the kidney at the site of the collecting duct.
Systemic Vasoconstriction

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11
Q

growth hormone

*anterior pituitary

A 
Stimulated by:
Hypothalamus – Growth hormone releasing hormone
In Response to:
High amino acid levels
Hypoglycemia
Low fatty acid levels
Exercise

Effects:
Raises blood glucose
Stimulates Liver for production and release of Insulin like Growth Factor
Stimulates Liver - Gluconeogensis (glucose from non carbohydrate sources)
Lipolysis

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12
Q

insulin like growth factor (anterior)

A

muscle
hypertrophy of muscle
results in absorption of amino acids to muscle cells.
bone
endochondrial ossification- bones become harder/ thicker
both osteoblast and osteoclasts activity
Epiphyseal plate proliferation (bone growth) through Cartilage proliferation/differentiation

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13
Q

acromegaly

A

disorder of IGF which causes excessive growth of the hands, feet, jaw and internal organs in adulthood

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14
Q

gigantism

A

abnormal hogh linear growth excesive action IGF before closure of the epiphyseal growth before adulthood

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15
Q

prolactin

A 
normally inhibited by dopamine (normal state) 
stimulated by pregnancy through 
thyrotropin releasing hormone 
estrogen 
breastfeeding 
effects- milk production
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16
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Stimulated by:
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (released by Hypothalamus) stimulates Thyrotropes in pituitary
Cold Temp
Pregnancy

Effects:
Transcription within thyroid to release thyroglobulin
Enzymatically bound to Iodine to produce:
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3) – is the active form in the cell
Together are “Thyroid hormone”
Acts like steroid – can pass phospholipid layer of cells
Within the cell it acts together with retinoic acid to increase transcription of protein that are metabolically active

17
Q

thyroid hormone (T3 + T4) effects

A 
Liver
Glycogenolysis
Glucneogenisis
Lower LDL in blood
Heart
Upregulates B1 receptor 
Increase Contractility
Increase Rate
CNS
Increases dendrite formation
Increase mylenation (faster transmission)
Improve connectivity
Bone
Regulates balance of Resorption/deposition
Growth at epiphyseal plates
Endochondrial ossification (hardening) 
Adipose Tissue
Increases Lipolysis

Capillary dilation – heat regulation
Increase sweat production
(In hypothroidsim – may have thin and brittle nails and hair)
GI tract
Increases motility
Increases secretion of digestive enzymes/ mucous
Muscles
Regulates Catabolism/Anabolism
(in hyperthyroidism shifts towards catabolism)

18
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Parathyroid hormone is released by “Chief Cells” in the parathyroid gland

Stimulated by low blood calcium

Effects:
Increase bone resorption (increase Ca+ to blood)
Calcium reabsorption from urine filtrate
Upregulates enzyme that activates vitamin D in the kidney
Vitamin D in turn - Upregulates Ca+ absorption in GI tract

19
Q

calcitonin (PT)

A

Stimulated High blood calcium

Released by Parafolicular cell in the thyroid

Effects:
Inhibits Osteoclasts – Net bone deposition increases

20
Q

Aldosterone

adrenal glands

A

Made in the Zona Glomerulosa of adrenal glands
Made in the Zona Glomerulosa of adrenal glands

Stimulated by:
Angiotensin II
Hyponatremia/ Hyperkalemia
Adrenal Corticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 
Effects:
Upregulates Na+ resorption in distal convoluted tubule
Water follow Na+
21
Q

cortisol * adrenal glands

A

“Stress hormone”
made in Zona Fosiculata of Adrenal Gland

Stimulated by:
Hypoglycemia
Chronic stress
Muscle:
Protein Catabolism – Amino acids released to blood
Bone:
Protein Catabolism from cartilage
Adipose
Lipolysis  - glycerol to blood stream
Liver
Gluconeogenesis – Glucose formation from non-carbohydrate sources
Glycogenolysis (indirect effect) – more glucose
22
Q

progesterone

A

made in ovaries

stimulates uterus- regulates menstruation

23
Q

catecholamines

A

made in adrenal medulla
Stimulated by “Fight and Flight”
Short term stress

Actually synthesized in specialized nerve cell call chrommafin cells

Tyrosine gets converted to Epinephrine and Nor-epinephrine

24
Q

glucagon (pancreas)

A

glucagon
manufactured by alpha cells
stimulated by Hypoglycemia, sympathetic stimulation

25
Q

insulin (pancreas)

A

Made by Beta Cells in pancreas

Stimulated by Hyperglycemia

Effects:
Liver: Glycogenesis

Muscles:
Amino acid uptake
Protein synthesis
Glucose uptake
Adipose tissue
Inhibits lipase
Lipogenesis
26
Q

pineal gland

A

Regulates sleep – wake cycle

Produces melatonin; highest at night

Effects: Resets biological clock
Suprachiasmatic nucleus

27
Q

chorionic gonatropin hormone

A

used in pregnancy

anatomy and physiology (35 decks)

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