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anthrax Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are the two forms that anthrax exists in?
A

a. Vegetative

b. Spores

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2
Q
  1. Anthrax come from with bacterium?
A

a. .Bacillus anthracis

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3
Q
  1. Where in the world can you find Bacillus anthracis?
A

a. Globally distributed

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4
Q
  1. How many strains of Bacillus anthracis are there?
A

a. 1,200

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5
Q
  1. What is the incubation period of Bacillus anthracis?
A

a. 3-7 days

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6
Q
  1. The Bacillus anthracis bacterium causes severe disease in what animals?
A

a. Cattle
b. Sheep
c. Goats
d. Horses

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7
Q
  1. The Bacillus anthracis bacterium causes moderate disease in the what animals?
A

a. Pigs
b. Dogs
c. Cats

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8
Q
  1. Does Bacillus anthracis affect birds?
A

a. Yes. 7 species

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9
Q
  1. In what form is Bacillus anthracis found in the environment?
A

a. Spore form

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10
Q
  1. How long can Bacillus anthracis survive in the soil?
A

a. Decades

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11
Q
  1. The Bacillus anthracis is highly _________ to biological extremes.
A

a. Resisitant

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12
Q

Bacillus anthracis is an ________ parasite

A

obligate

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13
Q
  1. Where do the Bacillus anthracis spores germanate?
A

a. The host

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14
Q
  1. What is the lethal inhilation of Bacillus anthracis spores by humans?
A

a. 2,500 - 55,000

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15
Q
  1. What does the Bacillus anthracis spores requires to form?
A

a. Oxygen

b. Nutrient poor environment

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16
Q
  1. What is the endospore cycle?
A

a. Inhalation (abrasion and ingestion)
b. Macrophage: phagocytose
c. Regional lymph nodes
d. Germinate inside the macrophage
e. Vegetative forms
f. Release
g. Multiply in the lymphatics
h. Blood stream
i. 107 – 108
j. Septicaemia
k. Death
l. Inhalation

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17
Q
  1. What does the Bacillus anthracis have on the exterior of its cells, and what does it protect it from?
A

a. A coating

b. Antibodies

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18
Q

What enviroments conditions can lead to an anthrax break out and why?

A

Heavy Rainfall followed by a dry period, this is because spores washed out of soil, and spores are then concentrated in a particular area

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18
Q

What enviroments conditions can lead to an anthrax break out and why?

A

Heavy Rainfall followed by a dry period, this is because spores washed out of soil, and spores are then concentrated in a particular area

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19
Q
  1. What do Bacillus anthracis release as they multiple in the macrophages?
A

a. Toxins

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20
Q
  1. What causes the death from Bacillus anthracis?
A

a. Toxin build up

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21
Q

How long has anthrax bee shown to survive?

A

50 years

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22
Q
  1. When do Bacillus anthracis go into their dormant vegetative state?
A

a. When the animal dies and they have decomposed

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23
Q
  1. How may protein coats does Bacillus anthracis spores have?
A

a. Three

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24
Q
  1. What is the Bacillus anthracis DNA protected by?
A

a. It is contained within a core

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25
Q
  1. What is Edema factor (EF)?
A

a. Is an 89-kDa protein secreted by Bacillus anthracis, the Gram-positive bacterium that cause anthrax. EF belongs to a family of bacterial toxins that can specifically elevate the intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) level, which is the prototypic second messenger that regulates diverse cellular responses.

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26
Q
  1. What makes up the Edema toxin?
A

a. Edema Factor + Protective Ag

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27
Q
  1. Increased cellular ________ –> Edema –> Impaired ________ function
A

a. cAMP

b. Neutophil

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28
Q
  1. Increased cellular ________ –> Edema –> Impaired ________ function
A

a. cAMP

b. Neutophil

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29
Q
  1. What happens when Calmodulin dependent adenyl cyclase is activated?
A

a. it catalyses the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, which leads to an increase in intracellular levels of cyclic AMP.

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30
Q
  1. When Calmodulin dependent adenyl cyclase is activated, it depletes ATP from ___________.
A

a. Macrophages

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31
Q

what is gerH locus?

A

tricitronic operon in B. anthracis help germination with help from co-germinates unwittingly provided by the macrophages

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32
Q
  1. What is the lethal toxin made from?
A

a. Lethal factor + Protective Ag

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33
Q
  1. What does the lethal factor do?
A

a. Zinc metallo proteases that inactivates protein kinases

b. Stimulates Macrophages – TNF alpha & IL – 1 beta – Shock & Death

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34
Q
  1. What is the result of death from anthrax toxin?
A

a. Death due to O2 depletion, secondary shock, increased vascular permeability, respiratory failure & cardiac failure

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35
Q
  1. What are Mitogen-activated protein kinase?
A

a. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are serine and threonine protein kinases that are highly conserved in eukaryotes, and are involved in signal transduction pathways that modulate physiological and pathophysiological cell responses

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36
Q
  1. In Sverdlovsk, ______, 1979, 94 individuals were taken ill and _____ died.
A

a. Russia

b. 64 died

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37
Q

What does the cCAMP increase result in,

A

prevents neutrifil, reduces AMP, and prevents the water influx homeosttis leading to adema

38
Q
  1. In South Africa, between 1978-80, 10,738 human cases with _______ known deaths, _______ of cattle dies, this took place on the Black _____ lands only.
A

a. 182
b. Thousands
c. Tribal

39
Q
  1. In _____ 1993- ______ Shinrikyo released anthrax.
A

a. Tokyo

b. Aum

40
Q
  1. In USA _______ - anthrax contaminated letters mailed to prominent US figures
A

a. 20001

41
Q
  1. What were the cases that arose from the 2001 Anthrax attack: ________ cutaneous ______ inhalation and _________ deaths?
A

a. 11 cutaneous
b. 11 inhalations
c. 5 deaths

42
Q
  1. How old was the infant that receive a cutaneous lesion from the 2001 anthrax attack?
A

a. 7 month old boy

43
Q
  1. Where is anthrax most common?
A

a. Africa: Zimbabwe
b. South east asia
c. China
d. South America
e. Turkey
f. Pakastan
g. India

44
Q
  1. How do grazing animal become infected with anthrax?
A

a. Eating spores in the soil

45
Q
  1. Can be spread from an infected animal to a _______
A

a. Heard

46
Q
  1. How is anthrax spread?
A

a. Biting flies
b. Vulture
c. Contaminated water

47
Q
  1. The spread from live stock to farm workers is ________.
A

a. Rare

48
Q
  1. Laboratory workers getting infected from working with spores is _______.
A

a. Rare

49
Q
  1. People being infected through contaminated animal products is _______.
A

a. Rare

50
Q
  1. Processors of wool, hair, hides, bones, or other animal products is now ______.
A

a. Rare

51
Q
  1. What are the three routes of transmission?
A

a. Inhalation
b. Direct contact with soil or animal product
c. Gastrointestinal

52
Q
  1. How can animals transmit the disease?
A

a. Haemorrhagic exudate from mouth nose or anus

53
Q
  1. Sporulation doesn’t occur in closed _______ Spores viable for ________.
A

a. Carcass

b. Decades

54
Q
  1. Herbivores primary source of contamination comes from _____________. Carnivores major source of contamination comes from ___________. They can both contract through _________ and infection through _________.
A

a. Dirt
b. Contaminated meat
c. Inhalation
d. Insect bite

55
Q
  1. What species are at greatest risk of infection?
A

a. Ruminants

56
Q
  1. There are three forms of clinal manifestation _________, ________ and __________ chronic.
A

a. Peracute
b. Acute
c. Subacute chronic

57
Q
  1. What animals are most likely to get a peracute infection?
A

a. Ruminants: cattle sheep goats and antelope

58
Q
  1. What animals are most affected by the acute infection?
A

a. Ruminants and equine

59
Q
  1. What animals are most affected by the subacute-chronic infections?
A

a. Swine
b. Dogs
c. Cats

60
Q
  1. __________ anthrax infection accounts for 95% of the global cases.
A

a. Cutaneous

61
Q
  1. What is the incubatory period of cutaneous anthrax?
A

a. 1-12 days

62
Q
  1. How do you get infected from cutaneous anthrax?
A

a. Through an abrasion

63
Q
  1. What are the four stages of infection from cutaneous anthrax?
A

a. Papule  vesicle  ulcer  eschar

64
Q
  1. What are the clinical manifestations of cutaneous anthrax?
A

a. Oedema
b. Redness
c. Necrosis
d. Ulceration

65
Q
  1. What percentage of those infected with cutaneous anthrax die with antibiotics and without?
A

a. Without: 20%

b. With 1%

66
Q
  1. How is cutaneous anthrax diagnosed?
A

a. Gram stain
b. PCR
c. Culture of vesicular fluids
d. Exudate
e. Eschar
f. Blood culture
g. Biopsy

67
Q
  1. What is the incubation period of inhalation anthrax?
A

a. 1-7 days

68
Q

What does contiguous mean?

A

when herds meet other heards

69
Q
  1. What percentage of individuals with inhalation anthrax also get?
A

a. 50% meningitis

70
Q
  1. What is a prodrome?
A

a. Prodrome: a brief sensation of déjà vu before the episode indicates a focal onset seizure; a feeling of lightheadness, sweatiness and visual fading suggests syncope.

71
Q
  1. What type of anthrax do you get a brief prodome?
A

a. Inhalation anthrax

72
Q
  1. What symptoms do you get with pharyngeal anthrax?
A

a. Fever
b. Pharyngitis
c. Neck swelling
d. Haemorrhagic mediastinitis

73
Q
  1. What is the fatality of inhalation anthrax with antibiotics/without?
A

a. Without 97%

b. With 75%

74
Q
  1. How is inhalation anthrax diagnosed?
A

a. Chest X-ray
i. idened mediastinum, pleural
ii. effusions, infiltrates, pulmonary congestion
b. Tissue biopdy for ICC
c. Gram Stain
d. PCR
e. Culture
f. Pleural fluid cell block

75
Q
  1. What type of agar can Bacillus anthracis grow?
A

a. Blood agar

76
Q
  1. What type of colonies does Bacillus anthracis grow?
A

a. non-haemolytic gray-white colonies

77
Q
  1. What can Fluorescent antibody stain be used for?
A

a. Identification

78
Q
  1. What clinical symptoms develop from Gastrointestinal Anthrax?
A

a. bloody vomit or diarrhoea, followed by fever & signs of septicaemia
b. Sometimes seen as oropharyngeal ulcerations with cervical adenopathy & fever

79
Q
  1. What is the incubation period of Gastrointestinal Anthrax?
A

a. 1-7 days

80
Q
  1. What percentage of Gastrointestinal Anthrax cases are fatal?
A

a. 25-80%

81
Q
  1. How is Gastrointestinal Anthrax disgnosed?
A

a. Blood cultures

b. Oropharyngeal (OP) swab collection

82
Q
  1. What differential diagnosis is there fore cutaneous anthrax?
A

a. Boils, Erysipelas, Cutaneous TB, Leprosy, Plague, Vaccinia, Rickettsial pox, tularemia

83
Q
  1. What differential diagnosis is there fore intestinal anthrax?
A

a. Typhoid fever, Acute Gastroenteritis, Tularemia, Peritonitis, Peptic ulcer, Mechanical obstruction

84
Q
  1. What differential diagnosis is there for pulmonary anthrax?
A

a. iral pneumonia, Mycoplasma. Psittacosis, Legionnaires disease, Q fever, Histoplasmosis, Coccidiodomycosis, Silicosis, Sarcoidosis

85
Q
  1. What treatment is there for anthrax and resistance associated (3)?
A

a. Penicillin: most strains suceptible
b. Ciproflocin: no resistance as of 2001
c. Doxycycline:

86
Q
  1. What is the treatment length?
A

a. 6- days

87
Q
  1. What was can infection be controlled and prevented?
A

a. Humans protected by preventing disease in animals
i. −- Veterinary supervision
ii. −- Trade restrictions
b. •Improved industry standards
c. •Safety practices in laboratories
d. •Post-exposure antibiotic prophylaxis
e. •Vaccination of high risk groups
f. •Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA)

88
Q
  1. What decontamination methods are there for anthrax?
A

a. Moist heat kills – Vegetative cells 60 0 C X 30 minutes
i. Spores 100 0 C X 10 minutes
b. 4% Formaldehyde kills spores
c. 4% KMnO4 kills spores
d. Hypochlorite ( 0.5%) commercially available kills spores

89
Q
  1. What is Linkage disequilibrium?
A

a. In population genetics, linkage disequilibrium (LD) is the non-random association of alleles at different loci in a given population. Loci are said to be in linkage disequilibrium when the frequency of association of their different alleles is higher or lower than what would be expected if the loci were independent and associated randomly.

90
Q
  1. What would happen if 50kg of spores where released into an urban area of 5 million people?
A

a. 250,000 cases of anthrax

b. 100,000 deaths

91
Q
  1. If 100 kg of spores were released upwind of Washington D.C how many people would die?
A

a. 130,000 to 3 million

92
Q

What is a warning sign that an animal has anthrax (peracute)?

A

stumbling and trembling, falling over

Zoonoses (23 decks)

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