Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

22 spring: Physiology > exam 1 lecture 1 + 2 > Flashcards

exam 1 lecture 1 + 2 Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the study of normal function

A

physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are some necessary functions for life?

A

reproduction

metabolism/waste removal

movement

growth

detect and respond to changes in the environment

boundaries (cell membranes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what factors are necessary for survival

A

normal body temperature

water

normal atmospheric pressure

nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are some basic concepts that are shared throughout the organization of the body

A

diffusion

cell communication/ signaling

enzymatic principles

homeostasis

energy requirements are similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

example of an organ that works for several organ system

A

liver

heart

kidney

endocrine

ect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where is external environment found in the body?

A

GI tract

lungs

urinary and reproductive tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

body fluids are compartmentalized by barriers which are ___

A

selectively permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

another name for extracellular fluid

A

milieu interieur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what makes up the extracellular fluid

A

plasma and interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what % of body weight is water?

A

60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

total body water can be broken into what two things?

A

intracellular fluid

extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

____ is subdivided into plasma and interstitial fluid

A

extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

intracellular or extracellular has more fluids?

A

intracellular (⅔)

extracellular (⅓)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

some function of plasma membrane between ICF and ECF

A

obtain O2 and nutrients

getting rid of waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why is there a change in concentration of solutes from ICF to ECF

A

creates concentration gradient= potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

example of nonpolar molecules that are easily transported across the plasma membrane

A

gases (O2 and CO2 )and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

examples of ions and polar molecules that are not easily transported across the plasma membrane

A

glucose

proteins

Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do substances move across the plasma membrane

A

active transport (requires energy)

channels

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

___ is a state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables of the internal environment

A

homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what organ system does not serve a primary purpose of maintaining homeostasis?

A

reproductive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

goal of homeostasis is to keep parameters at the ___ in ever changing conditions

A

set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does homeostasis work?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a set point

A

ideal range

can change depending on what is happening in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

___ is a detected change results in a response in the opposite direction of the original change

A

negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

___ is a detected change results in a response in the same direction

A

positive feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

blood glucose level is an example of which feedback?

A

negative

drop in glucose causes increase in glucose

high glucose leads to storage of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

parturition is an example of what type of feedback?

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how does parturition trigger positive feedback

A

stretch→ oxytocin → more stretch → more oxytocin ect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

explain feed forward regulation of homeostasis

A

anticipates change in regulated variables

aims to allow for a faster response to challenge and a quicker return to homeostasis

Pavlov Dog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

torpor is an example of changing/resetting the ___

A

set point

multiple systems usually control a single parameter

-fail safe in the event that one regulatory system is not functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

aestivation

A

hibernation when it is too hot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

three types of muscle

A

skeletal

smooth

cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the somatic nervous system innervates the

A

skeletal muscles

34
Q

these kinds of muscles are innervated by the autonomic nervous system

A

smooth and cardiac

35
Q

muscle breakdown

A

epimysium → whole muscle

perimysium → fascicle

endomysium → muscle fiber/cell

myofibril

36
Q

what makes muscle fiber/cell special

A

multinucleated

composed of myofibrils which are the contractile proteins of the cell

37
Q

what is the purpose of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

contains calcium needed for muscle/sarcomere contraction

38
Q

Triad in skeletal muscle is made of

A

T tubule

sarcoplasmic reticulum

39
Q

satellite cells in skeletal muscle

A

stem cells : live on outside of muscle cell

40
Q

what is the make up of skeletal muscle

A

–Water (55-78%)

Proteins (15-23%)- Sarcoplasmic proteins (30-35% of total protein)•Stroma proteins (10-15% of total protein)•Myofibrillar proteins (52-56% of total protein)

Lipids (1-20%)

Carbohydrates (1-2%)

Other (ash, nucleic acid, soluble organic compounds) (<3%)

41
Q
A
42
Q

what does the Z line do

A

anchors thin filaments (actin)

consists of alpha-actinin and Cap Z

43
Q

what links myosin together?

A

M line

consists of M protein, myomesin and creatine kinase

44
Q

I band

A

mostly thin filaments

45
Q

A band

A

thick and thin filaments

46
Q

H zone

A

no thin filaments

47
Q

the Z line is made of

A

alpha actinin and CapZ

48
Q

M line is made of ___

A

M protein, myomesin and creatine kinase

49
Q
A
50
Q

structure of myosin

A

two heavy chains

4 light chains

51
Q

the heavy chains of myosin is made of

A

–N-terminal residues of the heavy chain form a globular domain

–ATP and actin bind on opposite sides

52
Q

The light chains of myosin is made of

A

–RLC: regulatory light chain

–ELC: essential light chain

53
Q

in myosin each heavy chain gets how many light chains?

A

two

54
Q

Myosin II has the ability to split ___and release energy

A

ATP

55
Q

how does myosin II form

A

heavy chains dimerize at the tail and then form together

56
Q

what are two other proteins found in Myosin II other then heavy chains and light chains

A

protein C

myomesin

57
Q

how does actin form

A

G actin will bind into strands/filaments → F actin will dimerize into double helical actin strands → troponin complex and tropomyosin keeps every thing in place

58
Q

–Monomeric actin (__-actin) has 1 polypeptide chain

A

G

59
Q

–G-actin polymerizes to form filaments (___-actin)

A

F

60
Q

___ ends = plus end on actin filaments

A

barbed

61
Q

pointed ends = ___ end

actin filaments

A

minus

62
Q

where will G-actin (monomeric actin) associate and dissociate when in filaments?

A

from the ends

63
Q

caping protein for actin

A

tropomodulin

64
Q

___ regulates actin polymerization and depolymerization at the pointed ends

A

tropomodulin

65
Q

___ has binding sites for troponin

A

tropomyosin

66
Q

CapZ

A

capping protein on actin that prevents growth or shrinking from the Z disc (barbed end)

–Regulates actin polymerization and depolymerization at the barbed ends

67
Q

two capping proteins of actin

A

CapZ (barbed end)

Tropomodulin (pointed end)

68
Q

make up of troponin

A

3 proteins

•Troponin-T: binds tropomyosin

•Troponin-I: binds troponin-T and troponin-C, and actin in the absence of Ca2+

•Troponin-C: binds Ca2+

69
Q

•Troponin-T: binds ____

A

tropomyosin

70
Q

•Troponin-I: binds ____

A

troponin-T and troponin-C, and actin in the absence of Ca2+

inhibits cross linking

71
Q

troponin C binds to ___

A

calcium

72
Q

binding of ___ to troponin complex is critical for crossbridging

A

calcium

73
Q

___ regulates actin polymerization and depolymerization at the barbed ends of actin

A

cap Z

74
Q

what regulates actin filament length and ATPase activity

A

nebulin

75
Q

Titin

A

very big

–Forms elastic connections between Z-line and myosin filaments

76
Q

what anchors the thick filament to the Z disc?

A

titin

77
Q

___ filaments connect Z disks to one another and to the sarcolemma

A

intermediate

78
Q

dystrophin

A

–Along with other associated proteins, stabilizes the sarcolemma with the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

muscular dystrophy

79
Q

what protein helps anchor the sarcomere to the cytoskeleton and ECM

A

dystrophin

80
Q

what part of the sarcomere will shorten during contraction?

A

H zone (band without thin)

I band ( band just thin)

81
Q

what parts of the sarcomere stay the same during contraction

A

A band, Z line and M line

22 spring: Physiology (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions