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22 spring: Physiology > Test 4: lecture 2 and 3: female > Flashcards

Test 4: lecture 2 and 3: female Flashcards

1
Q

where do oocytes develop?

A

in the cortex of the ovary

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2
Q

ovaries in horse vs human

A

cortex and medulla switched

in horses cortex on the inside with a ovarian fossa where oocyte is released

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3
Q

what are the major function of the ovaries

A

endocrine → hormone production

exocrine → gametes

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4
Q

three parts of the uterine tube

A

Infundibulum and fimbriae - lots of fold to draw in oocyte- beating cilia

Ampulla - fertilization happens here

Isthmus- movement up or down, sperm storage

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5
Q
A

duplex uterus

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6
Q
A

uterus bipartius

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7
Q
A

uterus bicornis

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8
Q
A

uterus simplex

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9
Q

functions of the uterus

A

house fetus

makes prostaglandin which signals to the CL

immune defense

maternal recognition of pregnancy

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10
Q

layers of the uterus

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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11
Q

effects of estrogen on the uterus

A

uterine edema

promotes development of endometrium glands

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12
Q

effects of progesterone on the uterus

A

(when uterus is quiet)

immune suppression- prevent fetus from being attacked

inhibit myometrium

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13
Q

what hormone during diestrus and pregnancy keeps the cervix closed?

A

progesterone

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14
Q

during estrus and parturition what hormone keeps the cervix relaxed and open?

A

estrogen

prostaglandin E2- more for parturition

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15
Q

what passes through the cervix

A

semen

not urine

babies

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16
Q

semelparous animals?

A

animal that will die after mating

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17
Q

iteroparous

A

animals that can reproduce multiple times throughout life

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18
Q

oogenesis

A

mitosis during fetal development → arrest at prophase 1 until puberty

then continues and goes through meiosis 1 → arrests at (metaphase 2) meiosis II until fertilized then continues to one egg and two polar bodies

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19
Q

ovarian cycle of follicle

A

primordal follicle

primary

secondary

graafian (tertiary)

ovulation of the oocyte

corpus luteum

corpus albican

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20
Q

primordial follicle

A

Simple squamous follicle cell layer surrounds a primary oocyte

  • Oocytes are arrested in prophase I
  • The majority of oocytes are in this stage
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21
Q

primary follicle

A

Follicle cells become cuboidal and proliferate ( membrana granulosa→ granulosa cells)

  • Theca folliculi forms - from stroma cells
  • Zona pellucida forms

(oocyte → arrested at prophase 1)

22
Q

secondary follicle

A

Follicular growth in response to FSH

  • Multiple layers of granulosa cells
  • Antrum becomes apparent
  • Theca cells further differentiate
  • Theca interna : vascular; hormone secretion

• Theca externa:connective tissue

23
Q

graafian follicle

A

Dominant follicle is selected/atresia of others → only one egg will survive others will regress

  • Increased FSH receptors on granulosa cells
  • Meiosis I is completed

cumulus oophorus and corona radiata

24
Q

how does LH work in female cycle

A

binds to theca cell → androstenedione (androgens)

androstenedione will move to granulosa cell

FSH binds to granulosa cells and will change androgens into estradiol(estrogen)

25
Q

later in development what cells develop LH receptors

A

granulosa cells

after ovulation theca and granulosa cells will leutenize (will start to produce progesterone)

26
Q

what happens during ovulation

A

surge in LH → starts ovulation, oocyte enters metaphase II

follicular cells (theca and granulosa cells) → luteal cells

corpus hemorrhagisum (CH) and then corpus luteum(CL)

CL cells produce progesterone

27
Q

corpus luteum produce

A

progesterone

28
Q

CL turns into

A

corpus albicans (drop in progesterone)

will regress if no fertilization

29
Q

The presence of a ___prolongs the life of the CL

A

(maternal recognition of pregnancy)

conceptus → fetus

30
Q
A

around day 14, there is no fertilization so the CL → albicans this will decrease amount of progesterone and cause the uterus to increase the amount of PGF2

ruminants have their artery and vein right next to each other, PGF2 will be transferred to artery and back to uterus

31
Q

oocyte vs follicular development

A
32
Q

induced ovulators

A

cats

won’t have luteal phase unless they have been breed → will stay in follicular phase

33
Q

during early to mid follicular phase negative feedback by ___

A
34
Q

during late follicular phase + feedback by ___

A
35
Q

negative feedback during luteal phase

A
36
Q

in female reproductive cycle surge in LH causes ___

A

ovulation

decrease in estrogen

increase in progesterone

37
Q

what triggers the drop in progesterone?

A

increase in PGF2 alpha

38
Q

estrous cycle vs menstrual cycle

A

Estrous cycle: endometrium is reabsorbed if fertilization does not occur

Menstrual cycle: endometrium is shed if fertilization does not occur (after luteal phase)

39
Q

bleeding during menstrual vs estrous cycle

A

menstrual → after luteal phase → not fertile

estrous → in heat → before and during fertile → edema will cause blood leakage

40
Q

Monoestrous • Polyestrous • Seasonally polyestrous • Induced ovulators

A

cycle once a year

throughout the year (humans)

depends on the season (horse)

copulation induces cycle (cat)

41
Q

stages of estrous cycle

A

Proestrus
Estrus
Metestrus
Diestrus
Anestrus

42
Q

proestrus

A

first stage of estrous cycle

Occurs during early follicular phase

Estrogen levels rising; progesterone declines

43
Q

estrus

A

Sexually receptive “in heat”

  • Occurs during late follicular phase
  • Estrogen levels high
  • Changes observed in the uterus, cervix, and vulva
44
Q

Metestrus

A
  • Immediately post ovulation
  • Estrogen declining; progesterone rising → will tighten uterus
45
Q

Diestrus

A
  • Not sexually receptive
  • Occurs during the luteal phase
  • Changes observed in uterus, cervix, vulva

progesterone rising → will tighten uterus

46
Q

Anestrus

A
  • Occurs in seasonal breeders
  • Can occur during lactation
  • Complete shutdown of reproductive system
47
Q

how does light effect reproduction

A

Light triggers affects seasonality in some animals

  • Darkness stimulates the production of melatonin
  • Melatonin alters the rate of GnRH pulses
48
Q

bruce effect

A

CL formation can be delayed in the presence of pheromones (males)

49
Q

how to hasten ovulation

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
• Mimics LH

• Induces ovulation in mares

GnRH agonists
• Deslorelin acetate IM

50
Q

how to shorten diestrus

A

push CL → CA

need CL to produce progesterone to keep pregnancy

prostaglandin (PGF2 alpha) will terminate the pregnancy

51
Q

superovulation

A

acts on FSH receptors → leads to more follicles developing

Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin/equine chorionic gonadotropin

22 spring: Physiology (34 decks)

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