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22 spring: Physiology > Test 3: lecture 6 > Flashcards

Test 3: lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine vs paracrine vs autocrine

A

endocrine→ secreted, enters blood stream and can act everywhere a receptor is located

paracrine- local hormone control

autocrine- hormone released by cell acts on that same cell

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2
Q

four general classes of hormones

A

proteins and peptides

steroids

derivatives of tyrosine (amines)

fatty acid derivatives (e.g. prostaglandins)

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3
Q

____hormones are stored in secretory vesicles until needed

A

Protein and peptide

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4
Q

___hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and are not stored.

A

Steroid

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5
Q

___hormones are derived from tyrosine and are stored

A

Amine

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6
Q

peptide hormone synthesis

A

N-terminal signal peptide tells the golgi apparatus to package these hormones into secretory vesicles for secretion

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7
Q

characteristics of hormone secretion:

Incredibly ____concentration of hormones

_____ feedback control

___ variations in hormone release

A

low

Negative

Cyclical

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8
Q

____ are dissolved in the plasma (short half-life).

A

Peptides and catecholamines

(water soluble)

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9
Q

____ hormones are bound to plasma proteins given them a ___ half-life.

A

Steroid and thyroid

long (don’t get dissolved as quickly)

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10
Q

how are hormones removed from blood

A
  • Binding with tissues
  • Metabolic destruction by tissues
  • Excretion by liver into the bile
  • Excretion by kidneys into the urine

based on how fast they are secreted

protein-bound hormones are cleared slower than free hormones.

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11
Q

three locations for hormone receptors

A

cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

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12
Q

where are the receptors for peptide and catecholamines

A

hormone receptor on the cell membrane

water soluble

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13
Q

where are the steroid hormone receptors

A

in the cytoplasm

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14
Q

where are the thyroid hormone receptors

A

in the nucleus

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15
Q

one way for a cell to regulate hormones is to ___ the receptors

A

decrease or increase the number of receptors for a specific hormone

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16
Q

peptide and catecholamines depend on ____ for intracellular signaling

A

second messengers

Adenylyl cyclase - cAMP

Phospholipids: IP3 and DAG

Calcium-calmodulin

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17
Q

cAMP second messenger

A

peptide hormone can’t get into cell, binds to receptor on the surface

this causes ATP → cAMP with the help of enzyme adenylyl cyclase

cAMP then is used to activate cAMP dependent protein kinase

which is used to activate protein and produce cell response

cAMP is formed by an amplification step therefore a very small amount of hormone can create very large effect

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18
Q

phospholipid second messenger

A

peptide/catecholamine hormones can’t get into cell, need to use surface receptors

binding of hormone causes G protein to increase the amount of phospholipase C which is used to form DAG and IP3 from a phospholipid

IP3 causes release of calcium from ER and mitochondria → protein activation. calcium also binds to calmodulin → protein phosphorylation

DAG activated PKC → protein phosphorylation

19
Q

calcium calmodulin

A

peptide/catecholamine hormones can’t get into cell, need to use surface receptors

calcium- calmodulin works on Calcium channels to bring calcium into the cell

can also work with : IP3 from the phospholipid second messenger

binding of peptide hormone causes G protein to increase the amount of phospholipase C which is used to form DAG and IP3 from a phospholipid

IP3 causes release of calcium from ER and mitochondria → protein activation. calcium also binds to calmodulin → protein phosphorylation

DAG activated PKC → protein phosphorylation

20
Q

how to measure blood hormone concentration

A

Hormone-specific antibody

Radio-labeled standard Hormone

Your test sample

Antibody is limited.

Equilibrium

Isolate Ab-hormone complex

21
Q

hormones produced by anterior pituitary

A
22
Q

all hormones produced by the ___ are protein and peptide hormones

A

pituitart

23
Q

hypothalamus produces what type of hormones

A

TRH, CRH, GHRH, GHIH, GnRH → peptide hormones

PIH → amine hormone

24
Q

where are hormones from the hypothalamus released to get to the anterior pituitary

A

median eminence

then taken by the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessel

25
Q

HPA

A
26
Q

___ produces ADH

A

supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus

will carry ADH down the hypothalamic-pituitary tract to the posterior pituitary to be stored until needed

27
Q

___ produces oxytocin

A

paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus

will carry oxytocin down the hypothalamic-pituitary tract to the posterior pituitary to be stored until needed

28
Q

growth hormone

A

protein hormone made by the anterior pituitary gland

also called Somatotropic hormone or somatotropin

Growth hormone affects all tissues

191 amino acids, 22 kD (protein hormone)

Considerable species specificity (can’t use human GH in other animals)

29
Q

metabolic effect of growth hormone on protein deposition

A

Promote protein deposition

  • Enhance amino acids uptake
  • Enhance transcription and translation
  • Decrease protein breakdown
30
Q

metabolic effect of growth hormone on fat

A

enhance fat utilization for energy

31
Q

metabolic effect of growth hormone on carbs

A

Decrease carbohydrate utilization - diabetogenic

  • Decrease glucose uptake –insulin-resistance
  • Increase glucose production by liver
  • Increase insulin secretion
32
Q

overall effect of GH

A

more protein, less fat, decrease utilization of carbs → diabetes (increase blood glucose)

33
Q

will an older or younger person have more GH

A

a younger

amount of GH decreases with age

34
Q

GH causes the liver to produce ___

A

somatomedins

mediates GH effect

somatomedin C (IGF-I): similar to proinsulin

in pygmies: high GH, low IGF-I (somatomedin C)

35
Q

somatomedin C

A

Growth hormone causes liver to produce several potent somatomedins.

Somatomedin C (IGF-I → insulin-like growth factor ): similar to proinsulin.

Plasma concentrations of GH and IGF-I are highly correlated with body size

pygmies have normal GH but low amounts of IGF-I

36
Q

___ is made by the hypothalamus to stop GH release

A

Growth hormone-inhibitory hormone (GHIH) (type of peptide hormone)

also called a Somatostatin

37
Q

____ is made by the hypothalamus to stimulate GH release

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) (type of peptide hormone)

38
Q

what are some activities that release GH

A

sleep and strenuous exercise

39
Q

what will starvation do to the release of GH

A

it will stimulate the release of GH

40
Q

what are some factors that will stimulate GH release

A

Decreased blood glucose

Decreased blood FFA

Starvation

Trauma

Stress

Exercise

Deep sleep

GHRH

41
Q

what are some factors that will inhibit GH release

A

Increased blood glucose

Increased blood FFA

Aging

Obesity

Growth hormone

GHIH (somatostatin)

42
Q

dwarfism is caused by ___

A

disorder in GH

not enough GH during childhood

43
Q

gigantism is caused by ___

A

excessive levels of GH during childhood

will eventually develop diabetes, because GH causes increased blood glucose

44
Q

acromegaly

A

caused by too much GH during adult hood

big organs, tissues

different from gigantism because long bones don’t get bigger only connective tissue stuff gets bigger

22 spring: Physiology (34 decks)

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