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22 spring: Physiology > Test 3: lecture 5 > Flashcards

Test 3: lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what structures are the primary determinants of resistance?

A

arterioles

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2
Q

•In the ____organs: intrinsic mechanisms predominate

A

critical

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3
Q

•In ___ organs: extrinsic mechanisms predominate

A

non-critical

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4
Q

•In ___: both extrinsic and intrinsic influences are strong

A

skin

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5
Q

intrinsic control of blood flow

A
  • Local factors control flow in response to changes in metabolic activity
  • Increased metabolic activity generally causes vasodilation
  • Decreased metabolic activity generally causes vasoconstriction
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6
Q

___metabolic activity generally causes vasodilation

A

•Increased

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7
Q

___ metabolic activity generally causes vasoconstriction

A

•Decreased

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8
Q

active hyperemia

A

if you work harder you will get more blood flow to that area (causes vasodilation)

trys to keep the amount of O2 used and CO2 produced even

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9
Q

reactive hyperemia

A

occurs in response to a temporary physical restriction to blood flow

think capillary refill time - when you restrict blood flow and then restart blood to that area, more blood then usual will go to the area to try to collect the excess waste products that were just sitting there

when you press on gums, then remove is white then becomes even more pink then normal

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10
Q

what are some things that increased metabolic rate will lead to

A
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11
Q

metabolic autoregulation

A

in response to increased perfusion pressure

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12
Q

explain what happens to blood flow through metabolic autoregulation in response to increased perfusion pressure

A

increase in pressure causes the washout of vasodilators which causes vasoconstriction which will decrease blood flow→ fixing the problem

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13
Q

myogenic autoregulation

A

stretch receptors

(happen in kidneys)

increased flow = causes pressure on stretch receptors, this will cause constriction and decreased overall flow

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14
Q

what are some mechanisms of intrinsic control of blood flow

A

active hyperemia- give more blood to area that is more active

reactive hyperemia- give more blood to area that had lost blood supply

metabolic autoregulation: increase BP causes washout of vasodilators which leads to vasoconstriction and overall decrease in Blood flow and decrease in BP

myogenic autoregulation: increase in blood flow cause stretch receptors which will cause vasoconstriction and decrease overall flow

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15
Q

sympathetic control will cause blood vessels to ___

A

constrict

norepinephrine binds to alpha adrenergic receptors

this activates phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate second messenger system → vasoconsrtiction → increased TPR → increased MAP

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16
Q

what does epinephrine bind to and what does it cause

A

can bind to alpha or Beta 2 adrenergic receptor

likes Beta 2 more

if it binds to alpha receptor → activation of PIP2 second messenger → vasoconstriction→ increased TPR

if bind to beta 2 → cAMP second messenger system → vasodilation→ decreased TPR

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17
Q

epinephrine binding to beta 2 adrenergic receptors cause

A

beta 2 → cAMP second messenger system → vasodilation→ decreased TPR

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18
Q

epinephrine binding to alpha adrenergic receptors cause

A

alpha receptor → activation of PIP2 second messenger → vasoconstriction→ increased TPR

19
Q

where do you find beta 2 adrenergic receptors

A

arterioles (coronary and skeletal muscle)

(skeletal muscle, and coronary arteries will have increased blood flow during sympathetic control in response to epinephrine binding to beta2 receptors)

fight or flight response- sympathetic response

when epinephrine binds to beta 2 it will cause vasodilation= more blood supply

20
Q

where do you find alpha receptors

A

arterioles (all organs)

veins (abdominal organs)

when these receptors bind to norepinephrine or EPI it will cause vasoconstriction

21
Q

explain sympathetic response on arterioles

A

alpha receptors in veins( abdominal organs) and arterioles (all organs) will bind to norepinephrine and cause vasoconstriction and venoconstriction

beta receptors in arterioles of coronary and skeletal muscle will bind to epinephrine and cause vasodilation

fight or flight- heart and muscles get more blood, GI tract gets less blood

22
Q

norepinephrine response on veins(abdominal organs)

A

norepinephrine binds to alpha receptors and causes venoconstriction which causes more venous blood toward the heart

23
Q

parasympathetic response on arterioles happens where? and what does it cause

A

M2 receptors in the arterioles of the coronary, genitals, skeletal muscle and other organs

ACh will bind and cause vasodilation

24
Q

how does MAP associate with SV

A
25
Q

if you decrease HR what happens to MAP

A

decreases

parasympathetic nerves to SA can decrease HR and cause decrease in MAP

26
Q
A
27
Q
A
28
Q
A
29
Q

•Arterial baroreceptor reflex

A

stretch receptors in the carotid sinus and the aortic arch send impulses to the CNS when stretched

if BP drops less AP will be sent by the stretch receptors, this will trigger the CNS to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and increase BP

  • Reflex results in increase in TPR and CO
  • Useful for moment to moment regulation, but not for long term regulation
30
Q

what helps maintain blood pressure from laying down to standing up quickly

A

baroreceptor reflex

31
Q

how will drop in MAP influence veins to increase MAP again

A

increase in venomotor tone (increase steel pipe)

decrease compliance

increase venous pressure

32
Q

what happens to GI blood supply during hemorage

A

will decrease at first to continue to supply brain

but over time toxins would accumulate and that would cause vasodilation to the GI, stealing blood from the brain and shock and death

33
Q

Atrial Volume Receptor Reflex

A

•Stretch receptors located in the atria and large systemic veins

  • Act to quickly compensate for changes in blood pressure (like arterial baroreceptors)
  • In addition, long-term regulation occurs through regulation of blood volume
34
Q

how do atrial volume receptors react to low blood volume

A

will increase sympathetic activity to increase water intake, decrease urine and decrease Na excretion → this will lead to increase in blood volume

sympathetic will also increase TPR and increase CO which will increase BP (same way arterial baroreceptor reflex works)

35
Q

___ are also called low pressure baroreceptors

A

arterial volume receptor

stretch receptors in the atria and large systemic veins that control BP and regulate blood volume

will increase sympathetic activity to increase water intake, decrease urine and decrease Na excretion → this will lead to increase in blood volume

sympathetic will also increase TPR and increase CO which will increase BP (same way arterial baroreceptor reflex works)

36
Q

two psychogenic effects on blood pressure

A

fight or flight

vasovagal syncope

37
Q

vasovagal syncope

A

•Decreased sympathetic activity and increased parasympathetic activity leads to vasodilation in noncritical organs and decreased TPR

38
Q

in heart failure

  • What would be the immediate change in:
  • Stroke volume?•Cardiac output?•Arterial blood pressure?•Venous blood pressure?
A

Stroke volume? decreases

  • Cardiac output? decreases
  • Arterial blood pressure? decreases
  • Venous blood pressure? increases
39
Q

during acute heart failure

Name two compensatory mechanisms that come into play here?

…. Hint 1: think about how a heart responds to increased venous return

…. Hint 2: think about the role of arterial blood pressure here

A

heart will try to pump harder→ increase contractility→ increase preload → trying to increase end-diastolic volume

vasoconstriction - baroreceptor reflex → increase MAP

40
Q

how are kidneys effected during chronic heart failure

A

short term, kidneys will work harder to try to increase BP by absorbing water and Na

over time, kidneys will start to receive less blood because they are “non critical” organ and they will start to fail

41
Q

effects of heart failure

A
42
Q

left sided heart failure

A

pulmonary edema

43
Q

right sided heart failure lead to ___

A

peripheral edema

ascites(abdominal edema)

44
Q

how can we increase contractility through a different mechanism other than increasing preload?

A

influence calcium channels

(vetformin, digitalis)

preserved calcium in the body

22 spring: Physiology (34 decks)

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