Tuberculosis

Question 1

pathogenesis of tuberculosis in its primary form in the lung

Answer 1

no preceding exposure or immunity, usually no symptoms can be malaise, rarely chest signs, spreads via lymphatics to hilarious lymph nodes

Question 2

aafb

Answer 2

acid and alcohol fast bacilli but not all aafbs are tb

Question 3

common clinical presentations of tuberculosis.

Answer 3

cough, night sweats, weight loss, soft and fluffy nodular upper zone cavitation in X-ray. do ct if concerned

Question 4

the major groups of antituberculous drugs

Answer 4

isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin, ethambutol

Question 5

drug treatment for tb

Answer 5

multiple drug therapy, test for other bloodbourne viruses, therapy lasts for 6 months, single agent treatment leads to drug resistant organisms within 14 days. number of drugs to duration is 2/4 or 4/2

Question 6

tests for TB

Answer 6

3 sputum samples, bronchoscopy, urine, aspirate, lumbar puncture

Question 7

side effects of rifampicin

Answer 7

orange tears or urine, induces liver enzymes, all hormonal contraceptive ineffective, hepatitis, rash

Question 8

side effects of isoniazid

Answer 8

hepatitis or peripheral neuropathy, rash

Question 9

side effects of pyrazinamide

Answer 9

hepatitis, gout, rash

Question 10

side effects of ethambutol

Answer 10

optic neuropathy, rash

Question 11

miliary tuberculosis

Answer 11

large number of bacteria travel through bloodstream and spread throughout the body and is characterised by wide dissemination into human body and tiny size lesions

Question 12

fibrocaseous tuberculosis

Answer 12

upper lobe disease and cavitation

Question 13

caseating granuloma

Answer 13

necrosis involving dead cells with no nuclei and debris, cheese like appearance in centre, epithelioid macrophages surrounding an acellular necrotic region with a lymphocytic cuff comprising of both b and T cells