Developmental aspects of lung disease

Question 1

common congenital anomalies affecting the respiratory tract

Answer 1

laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia, tracheal-oesophageal fistula, congenital pulmonary airway malformation, congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Question 2

relationship between respiratory illness in childhood and adulthood

Answer 2

allergic diseases, individual causes eg sex height age, early life events and environment and lifestyle have an affect on the likelihood of developing respiratory illnesses

Question 3

remodelling

Answer 3

alteration of airway structure following external influence - environmental exposures, chronic diseases of childhood, infection. leads to abnormalities due to interference of intercellular signalling. seen in asthma and chronic lung disease of prematurity

Question 4

factors which influence tracking

Answer 4

smoking, early life events, environmental exposures, lifestyle, allergic disease, antenatal exposure

Question 5

laryngomalacia,

Answer 5

common, present with stridor floppy larynx, worse when upset or excited or feeding, will improve in first year, concern if affects feeding growth or causes apnoeas

Question 6

tracheomalacia

Answer 6

floppy trachea, can be isolated in healthy infants, genetic conditions associated, may be caused by compression by surrounding things, presents with barking cough, croup, breathlessness, stridor or wheeze, natural history resolution with Time but can get antibiotics when unwelll

Question 7

tracheal-oesophageal fistula

Answer 7

abnormal connection between trachea and oesophagus, associated with genetic conditions, can be diagnosed antenatally or postnatally, presents with choking, colour change, cough with feeding, unable to pass NG, requires surgery

Question 8

congenital pulmonary airway malformation

Answer 8

abnormal non functioning lung tissue, 80% detected antenatally, occur sporadically, may resolve spontaneously, possible risk of malignancy, surgical intervention sometimes

Question 9

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 9

diaphragm develops from multiple tissues around 7 weeks and closes by 18 weeks, CDH affects 1 in 2500 births, different types by most common is bochdalek, usually left side more than right, most cases diagnosed antenatally but sometimes miss. if severe can be fatal