Chapter 2 Flashcards
1) The belief that others are paying more attention to one’s appearance and behavior than they actually are is referred to as the ________ effect.
A) transparency B) audience C) spotlight D) halo
C
2) Chloe dyes her hair blue and goes to school. She assumes that the students will stare at her and comment on her hair color. However, only a few of her friends really notice her dyed hair. Which of the following psychological effects is best exemplified in this scenario?
A) the lawn dart effect B) the observer effect C) the spotlight effect D) the halo effect
C
3) A study by Gilovich et al. (2000) had college students wear T-shirts with singer Barry Manilow on them. They found that participants overestimated the degree to which other people would notice the T-shirt. Which of the following concepts did this study explore?
A) the transparency effect B) the audience effect C) the spotlight effect D) the halo effect
C
4) The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others is referred to as the illusion of:
A) transparency. B) self-efficacy. C) knowledge. D) awareness.
A
5) Charlie contributes money to every charity program in his community even if he does not have ample resources. He fears that otherwise he may be labeled a miser. In reality, most members of his community do not notice whether Charlie contributes or not. Which of the following psychological effects is exemplified in this scenario?
A) the false consensus effect B) the observer effect C) the spotlight effect D) the halo effect
C
6) The fact that we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves when problems arise in a relationship is an example of how:
A) self-interest colors our social judgment. B) social surroundings affect our self-awareness. C) self-concern motivates our social behavior. D) social relationships help define our self.
A
7) In the study conducted by Savitsky and Gilovich (2003), public speakers who were informed about the illusion-of-transparency phenomenon felt:
A) more nervous while speaking. B) better about their speech and appearance. C) worse about their appearance while speaking. D) no different about their speech.
B
8) Matthew gives a presentation to his interviewers. He is nervous, and he presumes that his nervousness is obvious to the interviewers. He fears that they would consider him an incompetent candidate. As a result, he becomes more nervous, his voice quivers, and his hands tremble. Matthew’s rising nervousness is caused by:
A) defensive pessimism. B) the false consensus effect. C) the illusion of transparency. D) cognitive dissonance.
C
9) The spotlight effect and the related illusion of transparency are two examples of the interplay between one’s sense of ________ and one’s social world.
A) morality B) social judgment C) self D) collectivism
C
10) Which of the following terms denotes what we know and believe about ourselves?
A) self-control B) Schadenfreude C) altruism D) self-concept
D
11) ________ is defined as the beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.
A) Self-actualization B) Self-schema C) Self-esteem D) Self-realization
B
12) In the context of psychology, ________ are mental templates by which we organize our worlds.
A) attributes B) efficacies C) schemas D) perspectives
C
13) Ron remembers Phil’s birthday, which is in the same month as his, but fails to recall Alex’s birthday, which is in a different month. Though both of them are his friends, Ron’s ability to recall Phil’s birthday but not Alex’s can be best explained through the concept of:
A) self-schema. B) social comparison. C) Schadenfreude. D) individualism.
A
14) The extent to which one evaluates one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others is called:
A) comparative analysis. B) competitive comparison. C) social ranking. D) social comparison.
D
15) Jonas has a group of friends in a social networking site. When any of his friends are on vacation in a foreign country and post pictures on the site, he feels bad about himself. To measure up to his friends, he often borrows money to take such vacations. Which of the following psychological phenomena is exemplified in this scenario?
A) social balance B) social comparison C) social entropy D) social interface
B
16) Which of the following is an example of the use of social comparison?
A) Matt feels he is satisfied with his life after meditating by himself. B) Matt feels he is rich when his friends have a lower annual income. C) Matt feels he is smart when he is among a group of smart colleagues. D) Matt feels he should take care of his health after he suffers a cardiac arrest.
B
17) An example of how social comparisons can actually breed misery, rather than satisfaction, is when we:
A) underestimate others' appraisal against our own. B) perceive other competitors to be at a disadvantage. C) raise the standards by which we evaluate our own attainments. D) stop comparing ourselves with others doing even better.
C
18) When facing competition, we often protect our self-concept by perceiving:
A) ourselves as superior to the competitor. B) the competitor as inefficient and disorganized. C) the competitor as disadvantaged in comparison to us. D) the competitor as advantaged in comparison to us.
D
19) Under individualism, becoming an adult means ________.
A) living with relatives B) becoming self-reliant C) defining one's social, dependent self D) uniting with parents
B
20) Our use of how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves is described by sociologist Charles H. Cooley as:
A) a self-fulfilling prophecy. B) self-realization. C) self-justification. D) the looking-glass self.
D
21) Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications is the definition of:
A) socialism. B) communism. C) collectivism. D) individualism.
D
22) Which of the following maxims best represents the concept of individualism?
A) Two heads are better than one. B) Be true to yourself. C) Father knows best. D) It takes a village to raise a child.
B
23) After graduation, Noah decides to move out of his parents’ home. He wants to establish an identity of his own and does not want to depend on his parents any longer. Noah tries to develop ________ in this scenario.
A) social cohesion B) social solidarity C) an independent self D) an interdependent self
C
24) Giving priority to the goals of one’s group, such as one’s family or workplace, and defining one’s identity accordingly is known as:
A) individualism. B) narcissism. C) collectivism. D) hedonism.
C
25) A person from a(n) ________ culture is more likely to attribute their success to their own personal efforts.
A) collectivistic B) individualistic C) narcissistic D) egocentric
B
26) Identify a characteristic of collectivistic cultures.
A) Collectivistic cultures disapprove of conformity. B) Identity is social and defined by connections with others. C) Collectivistic cultures approve of egotism. D) The illustrative motto is "To thine own self be true."
B
27) In the context of the varying political views and regions across a country, conservatives tend to be economic ________ (“don’t tax or regulate me”) and moral ________ (“legislate against immorality”).
A) individualists; collectivists B) collectivists; individualists C) progressivists; traditionalists D) traditionalists; progressivists
A
28) In the context of the varying political views and regions across a country, liberals tend to be economic ________ (“let’s pass universal health care”) and moral ________ (“keep your laws off my body”).
A) individualists; collectivists B) collectivists; individualists C) progressivists; traditionalists D) traditionalists; progressivists
B
29) An individual opposes the taxation of people with high income. The individual also supports legislation against immoral activities in the United States. In the context of political views, the individual is most likely a(n):
A) liberal. B) conservative. C) progressivist. D) imperialist.
B
30) An individual believes that there should be more welfare programs for the poor and people should have the freedom to live their lives as they wish. Based on this scenario, this individual most likely follows a political philosophy called:
A) liberalism. B) conservativism. C) imperialism. D) neofascism.
A
31) People are self-critical and focus less on positive self-views in a(n) ________ culture.
A) individualistic B) collectivistic C) narcissistic D) egocentric
B
32) Who among the following most likely belongs to an individualistic culture?
A) Jessica, who becomes angry and sad when her classmates question her personal identity B) Nicholas, who compares his grades with students who earn high grades in order to facilitate self-improvement C) Mia, who refrains from self-enhancement by believing that she is better than her classmates D) Christopher, who associates himself with positive words and family and societal traits
A
33) Who among the following most likely belongs to a collectivistic culture?
A) Antoni, who shouts at people who do not follow his rules or who criticize these rules B) Maria, who buys luxury items and considers her extravagant choices as expressions of herself C) Hailey, who places more value on her ancestral tradition and shared practices than anything else D) Sergei, who prefers to enhance his individual self and make independent choices
C
34) Self-esteem is more personal and less relational for people in a(n) ________ culture.
A) individualistic B) collectivistic C) interdependent D) socialistic
A
35) Samanthaalways gets lower grades than Samuel, her twin. Although she is not bothered about other students in her class who score less than her, she has deeply affected by scoring less than Samuel. In the context of self and culture, identify the perspective of Samantha in this scenario.
A) individualism B) collectivism C) interdependence D) altruism
A
36) Kitayama and Markus (2000) found that for American students happiness comes with feeling:
A) close and friendly. B) superior and proud. C) humble and chivalrous. D) included and familiar.
B
37) According to the report of Steven Heine and co-researchers (1999) , self-esteem ________ among Japanese exchange students after spending seven months at the University of British Columbia, suggesting that their self-concepts become more individualized after visiting Western countries.
A) decreased B) increased C) peaked and then dropped sharply D) remained constant
B
38) Which of the following statements is true of the interdependent self?
A) The interdependent self is not strongly embedded in social membership. B) With an interdependent self, one's personal identity is established by individual traits and goals. C) With an interdependent self, one has a greater sense of belonging. D) The interdependent self creates social barriers as it disapproves of conformity and adopts egotism.
C
39) According to Wilson and Gilbert (2003), people have the greatest difficulty predicting the ________ of their future emotions.
A) reliability B) frequency C) intensity and duration D) stability and permanency
C
40) According to Woodzicka and LaFrance (2001), women reported that they would feel angry if asked sexually harassing questions during a job interview. When actually asked such questions, women more often experienced:
A) annoyance. B) rage. C) fear. D) irritation.
C
41) In the context of predicting our behavior, the planning fallacy is the tendency to:
A) overanalyze the significance of any task that must be completed. B) avoid making any specific plans for a short-term goal. C) predict accurately the number of people required to complete a task. D) underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.
D
42) Talia, a project manager, estimates that a project will take a year to complete. She gets the estimation approved, although it increases the cost of the project. However, the project takes only 8 months to complete. In the context of self-knowledge, this scenario exemplifies the concept of ________.
A) the illusion of transparency B) the planning fallacy C) the dual attitude system D) the spotlight effect
B
43) Studies of “affective forecasting,” as conducted by Wilson and Gilbert in 2003, required participants to predict their future:
A) school performance. B) family situation. C) thoughts. D) emotions.
D
44) You just broke up with someone you had been dating for a few months. You are surprised at how upset you are over the breakup, given that the relationship was not that serious. This is an example of how people have difficulty predicting the:
A) type of their future emotions. B) sequence of their future emotions. C) frequency of their future emotions. D) intensity of their future emotions.
D
45) Identify the true statement about self-monitoring.
A) People low in self-monitoring are externally guided and are less likely to talk and act as they believe. B) People high in self-monitoring are more committed to their relationships. C) People low in self-monitoring care less about what others think. D) People high in self-monitoring are less likely to be dissatisfied in their marriages.
C
46) People are prone to “impact bias,” or ________ the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.
A) disregarding B) denying C) underestimating D) overestimating
D
47) In the context of the dual attitude system, identify the type of attitudes that represent unconscious attitudes regarding someone or something.
A) internal B) external C) implicit D) explicit
C
48) A “dual attitude system” exists when we have ________ attitudes toward the same object.
A) similar direct and indirect B) only positive C) differing explicit and implicit D) only negative
C
