Chapter 5 - Genes, Culture, and Gender - Social Influence Flashcards
1) According to anthropologists, which of the following is true of human behavior?
A) Humans are more alike than they are different. B) Humans prefer living alone to living with others. C) Humans have different behavioral tendencies. D) Humans develop language through different mechanisms.
A
2) The evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations is called:
A) evolutionary adaptation. B) evolutionary psychology. C) natural adaptation. D) natural selection.
D
3) According to natural selection, those with genes best suited to an environment are likely to:
A) struggle and then perish. B) perish in other environments. C) face many problems. D) survive and reproduce.
D
4) _____ is the study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection.
A) Vertebrate paleontology B) Evolutionary psychology C) Behavioral anthropology D) Sociocognitive psychology
B
5) Evolutionary psychologists study:
A) physical traits. B) psychological traits. C) both physical and psychological traits. D) neither physical nor psychological traits.
C
6) Given the logic of evolutionary psychology, we can assume our distant ancestors preferred _____ foods.
A) sweet and salty B) bitter and sour C) nutritious and energy-providing D) vegetarian
C
7) The _____ perspective highlights the kinship that results from our shared human nature.
A) evolutionary B) cultural C) normative D) diversity
A
8) One of the most important similarities in humans is our capacity:
A) for self-destruction. B) for altruism. C) to dominate other species. D) to learn and adapt.
D
9) The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next are called:
A) beliefs. B) norms. C) cultures. D) values.
C
10) According to Baumeister, a “huge and powerful advantage of culture” is:
A) genetic diversity. B) the division of labor. C) evolution. D) genetic similarity.
B
11) Human kinship is to the _____ perspective as human diversity is to the _____ perspective.
A) evolutionary; cultural B) cognitive; psychoanalytical C) humanistic; cultural D) biological; humanistic
A
12) Mia, a teenager, likes to wear skirts and has long hair. She also likes to shop in her leisure. On the other hand, David, her brother, likes sports and other physically aggressive activities. In this scenario, Mia and David most likely exemplify the characteristics associated with _____.
A) sex B) gender C) culture D) norm
B
13) Ryan, a young adult, was assigned a male sex at birth. However, he feels that he is a woman trapped inside a man’s body. After multiple counseling sessions, he decides to live as a woman and have sex reassignment surgery. In this scenario, Ryan most likely exhibits the characteristics of a _____.
A) culture B) cisgender person C) transgender person D) norm
C
14) Brianna is a 40-year-old divorcee and a mother of three. She has become both assertive and nurturing over the years. In this scenario, Brianna is performing a(n) _____ role.
A) pangender B) cisgender C) effeminate D) androgynous
D
15) Zoe has lived in the United States all of her life, yet her Greek grandmother has made sure that Zoe is fluent in the Greek language, so she would understand the Greek way of life. What has Zoe’s grandmother passed on to her?
A) an idea B) a norm C) a culture D) a value
C
16) Habib, an exchange student from Iran, is doing his thesis in the United States. He notices that people eat sandwiches directly from their paper bags and do not use plates. He is confused as people use eating utensils in his country. This scenario exemplifies _____ differences between Habib’s native country and his country of residence.
A) ethical B) language C) climatic D) cultural
D
17) Rules for accepted and expected social behavior are called:
A) values. B) norms. C) attitudes. D) ethics.
B
18) Norms _____ “proper” behavior.
A) reward B) prescribe C) change D) are the result of
B
19) Victoria, a graduate student in a German university, notices that her German friends hold their forks in their left hand while eating meat. However, she, being an American, cuts her meat and then transfers the fork to her right hand. This scenario exemplifies the _____ prevalent in different countries.
A) norms B) schemas C) roles D) stereotypes
A
20) Fatemeh, an immigrant in the United States, hails from a Muslim country and wears a hijab at the workplace. She believes that the hijab encourages men to see her as a human rather than as a sexual object. She is most likely following the _____ of her Muslim culture.
A) norms B) dogmas C) ethics D) laws
A
21) Identify a true statement about the prevalence of norms in human society.
A) Norms liberate humans and provide freedom for willful acts. B) Norms for expressiveness vary among cultures. C) Norms hinder the social machinery in countries. D) Norms are not affected by culture.
B
22) Punctuality is one of the _____ of North American businesspeople.
A) attitudes B) norms C) schemes D) dimensions
B
23) Ye-jun, a young immigrant from South Korea, works in the United States. He avoids co-workers who are vegetarians and prefers to eat with his nonvegetarian friends. Ye-jun, in this scenario, is following the _____ of his culture.
A) laws B) dogmas C) ethics D) norms
D
24) Diego, an immigrant worker from Mexico, is despised by his North American friends as he is always late for meetings. His girlfriend, another North American, complains that he never turns up on time when they meet. Diego, however, is puzzled by their time-obsessed behavior. In the context of culture and behavior, which of the following cultural behaviors is exemplified in this scenario?
A) norms B) dogmas C) ethics D) principles
A
25) The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies is called our:
A) self-zone. B) personal space. C) private zone. D) own distance.
B
26) In the context of norms, most Americans maintain a personal space between themselves and strangers of approximately:
A) 4 feet or less. B) 4 feet or more. C) 2 feet or less. D) 2 feet or more.
B
27) Those living _____ prefer more personal space than those living _____.
A) closer to the equator; farther away from the equator B) in Central America; in Iceland C) in Latin America; in North America D) farther away from the equator; closer to the equator
D
28) Santiago is a graduate student from Mexico. He experiences a culture shock during his stay in the United States. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about Santiago’s observations in the United States?
A) He finds that people are inefficient and time-wasting. B) He finds that people seek more personal space than him. C) He finds that vegetarian people stand out from a group and are thus undesirable. D) He finds that people are more likely to stigmatize people seen as different than in his country.
B
29) What cultural differences or similarities were found in the research on pedestrian interaction in the United States and Japan?
A) Americans were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them. B) Japanese were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them. C) Both Japanese and Americans did not smile back when the confederates smiled at them. D) Both Japanese and Americans failed to respond to the confederates.
A
30) What cultural differences or similarities were found in the research on pedestrian interaction in the United States and Japan?
A) Americans were more likely to look at someone who looked at them. B) Japanese were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them. C) Both Japanese and Americans did not smile back when the confederates smiled at them. D) Both Japanese and Americans failed to respond to the confederates.
A
31) Although there are many unoccupied tables in the restaurant, Rudolph decides to sit at the same table in the chair right next to James. James feels uncomfortable because Rudolph has violated:
A) his social role. B) his personal space. C) Brown's universal norm. D) the personal rights taboo.
B
32) The best-known universal norm is the taboo against:
A) cannibalism. B) incest. C) female genital mutilation. D) public nudity.
B
33) Leung and Bond (2004) reported that there were five universal dimensions of social beliefs. Which of the following is NOT one of those five?
A) justice B) social complexity C) reward for application D) cynicism
A
34) Michael, a middle-aged man, believes that his destiny determines the course of his life and his success and failures. According to Leung and Bond’s five universal dimensions of social beliefs, to which of the following dimensions does Michael adhere?
A) cynicism B) social complexity C) reward for application D) fate control
D
35) Ethan, a sales executive in a multinational company, believes that if he tries hard he will succeed. This has helped him climb the corporate ladder. According to Leung and Bond’s five universal dimensions of social beliefs, to which of the following dimensions does Michael adhere?
A) cynicism B) reward for application C) Fate control D) social complexity
B
36) Atharv is a religious man. He reads various religious holy books and finds peace and joy visiting religious destinations. He believes that religious faith contributes to good mental health. According to Leung and Bond’s five universal dimensions of social beliefs, to which of the following dimensions does Michael adhere?
A) cynicism B) social complexity C) fate control D) spirituality
D
37) According to research conducted by Leung and Bond (2004), those people who espouse _____ express lower life satisfaction and favor assertive influence tactics and right-wing politics.
A) justice B) social complexity C) reward for application D) cynicism
D
38) In psychology, the characteristics by which people define male and female, whether biologically or socially influenced, are referred to as:
A) sex. B) gender. C) orientation. D) culture.
B
39) Maccoby (2002) found that girls tend to _____ compared to boys.
A) be less nurturing B) talk more intimately C) play in larger groups D) be more active
B
40) In the context of friendship, identify a true statement about the behavior of men and women.
A) Women's phone conversations last longer than men's. B) Men send more text messages than women. C) Men talk for longer than women when the goal is affiliation with others. D) Women actually talk more overall and when the goal is asserting one's opinions and giving information.
A
41) Pratto and her colleagues (1997) reported that _____ tend to gravitate toward jobs that reduce inequalities, such as a public defender.
A) the young B) the elderly C) men D) women
D
42) Pratto and colleagues (1997) reported that _____ tend to gravitate toward jobs that enhance inequalities, such as a prosecuting attorney.
A) the young B) the elderly C) men D) women
C
43) In the context of independence versus connectedness, which of the following is true of women’s vocations in general?
A) Women are less interested in jobs dealing with people than are men. B) Women are more interested in jobs with things than are men. C) Women more than men value earnings, promotion, challenge, and power. D) Women are less interested in math-intensive careers than are men.
D
44) When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to:
A) flee. B) fight. C) befriend. D) collapse.
C
45) In the context of independence versus connectedness, _____ are more likely to describe themselves as having empathy.
A) the young B) the elderly C) men D) women
D
46) In the context of evolutionary psychology, which of the following statements is true of gender and mating preferences?
A) Women have stronger sex drives because sex is a cheap investment for women. B) Both men and women have an inclination toward dominance. C) Men and women face different adaptive challenges when it comes to sex and reproduction. D) Males invest their reproductive opportunities carefully.
C
47) Worldwide, women’s vocational interests, compared to men,
A) relate to things rather than people. B) relate to people rather than things. C) relate to things and people. D) have no difference.
B
