Chapter 9 Flashcards
1) People who are overweight:
A) face less discrimination than minority racial groups. B) face more discrimination than minority racial groups in employment settings. C) are perceived as happy and content. D) marry more often and make more money than others.
B
2) According to Lyons et al. (2010), since the Iraq war, Americans with a strong national identity expressed the most disdain for:
A) Arab immigrants. B) Turks. C) Orthodox Christians. D) Jews.
A
3) A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called:
A) speculation. B) disposition. C) stigma. D) prejudice.
D
4) Prejudice is different from discrimination in that prejudice is a negative:
A) behavior. B) conduct. C) attitude. D) demeanor.
C
5) Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) effects. B) inclinations to act. C) cognitions. D) behaviors.
D
6) A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n):
A) effect. B) behavioral tendency. C) illusion. D) stereotype.
D
7) Jay believes that all Muslims are violent extremists. This is an example of:
A) discrimination. B) a stereotype. C) a behavioral tendency. D) groupthink.
B
8) In the context of prejudice, which of the following illustrates stereotyping?
A) Miguel tends to depend primarily on a single source of information when making important decisions. B) Seán believes that his friend Angel is a good athlete because she is from Africa and all Blacks are good at sports. C) Myra sympathizes with her brother when he gets poor scores in science because he was ill on the day of the exam. D) Ella believes that she will win a jackpot this year because she had won a lottery the previous year.
B
9) ________ is a negative attitude, whereas ________ is a negative behavior.
A) Discrimination; racism B) Racism; stereotyping C) Discrimination; prejudice D) Prejudice; discrimination
D
10) If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called:
A) racism. B) feminism. C) misogyny. D) linguicism.
A
11) In the context of prejudice, which of the following exemplifies discrimination?
A) Pierre tends to ignore problems rather than find solutions to them. B) Beatriz refuses to share her hostel room with a girl belonging to a minority population. C) Piyush prefers to have juice rather than coffee on a summer day. D) Michelle sees to it that her brother receives special care as he suffers from a genetic anomaly.
B
12) An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given gender is called:
A) sexism. B) sadism. C) racism. D) linguicism.
A
13) Mr. Watson’s belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of ________. His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example of ________.
A) a prejudice; a stigma B) discrimination; a prejudice C) a stereotype; discrimination D) racism; a prejudice
C
14) Recent research confirms that prejudiced and stereotyped evaluations:
A) are more widespread than formerly believed. B) remain extremely high for females and extremely low for males. C) do not stem from socialization, but are innate characteristics that we are born with. D) can occur outside one's conscious awareness.
D
15) A state police force has set a height requirement of 5 feet 10 inches for all officers. This requirement is irrelevant to job effectiveness but generally excludes Hispanics and Asians from the force. Such a requirement most clearly reflects:
A) racism. B) scapegoating. C) disablism. D) linguicism.
A
16) In the context of the motivational sources of prejudice, which of the following theories states that people shield themselves from the threat of their own death by derogating those whose challenges to their worldviews further arouse their anxiety?
A) socioemotional selectivity theory B) terror management theory C) drive theory D) schemata theory
B
17) In making its historic 1954 decision declaring segregated schools unconstitutional, the Supreme Court found it noteworthy that when the Clarks gave African American children a choice between Black dolls and White dolls, most:
A) chose the Black dolls. B) chose the White dolls. C) refused to choose between them. D) used the dolls in aggressive symbolic play.
B
18) Identify a region in the brain that underlies fear and aggression and facilitates such automatic responding.
A) the inferior frontal gyrus B) the superior frontal gyrus C) the cerebellum D) the amygdala
D
19) Although Marcia says she is not prejudiced against Blacks, she votes against interviewing a job applicant with an African name. She is most likely exhibiting:
A) overt discrimination. B) homophobia. C) modern racism. D) jingoism.
C
20) Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a “shoot” button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight. The results of this study showed that the participants more often misperceived the object and mistakenly shot harmless targets who were Black. This shows that:
A) to show prejudice people, must be aware of their attitudes. B) automatic, implicit prejudice exists. C) people are not prejudiced. D) prejudice is neither implicit nor explicit.
B
21) Which of the following illustrates the concept of stereotyping?
A) Greta considers reading a useful pastime. B) Russell believes that all men love adventure. C) Oscar enrolls himself in a mediocre college as his friend has done so. D) Laila recalls her childhood as being better than it really was.
B
22) People’s ideas about how men and women ought to behave are called ________, whereas people’s beliefs about how women and men do behave are called ________.
A) gender-role norms; gender stereotypes B) gender stereotypes; gender-role norms C) gender preferences; gender roles D) sexist attitudes; sexist stereotypes
A
23) Identify a true statement about prejudice.
A) Prejudiced evaluations always occur consciously. B) Prejudice illustrates one's dual attitude system. C) Prejudice is negative behavior. D) All oppression springs from prejudice.
B
24) Norms are ________; stereotypes are ________.
A) descriptive; prescriptive B) prescriptive; descriptive C) implicit; explicit D) explicit; implicit
B
25) Which of the following statements is true of gender stereotypes?
A) Strong gender stereotypes are nonexistent. B) The members of a stereotyped group accept gender stereotypes. C) The average man and woman do differ in intelligence. D) Attitudes toward women have remain unchanged unlike racial attitudes.
B
26) Averaging data from 27 countries, John Williams and his colleagues (1999, 2000) found that people everywhere perceive women as more ________ and men as more ________.
A) agreeable; outgoing B) outgoing; agreeable C) intelligent; emotional D) emotional; intelligent
A
27) Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests:
A) that most people have gut-level negative emotions about women even though they describe them favorably. B) that most people like women more than men. C) that women are more intelligent than men. D) that both men and women are viewed as understanding and helpful.
B
28) According to Hideg and Ferris (2016), benevolent sexism, though sounding positive, may still impede gender equity by ________.
A) questioning women's decisions when they choose motherhood over career B) preventing women from socializing with the members of minority groups C) criticizing women when they want to get married late rather than early D) discouraging the hiring of women in traditionally male-dominated occupations
D
29) Eagly’s (1994) women-are-wonderful effect is an example of:
A) an overt prejudice. B) a favorable stereotype. C) hostile sexism. D) antagonistic sexism.
B
30) Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism?
A) "Women have a superior moral sensibility." B) "Once a man commits, she puts him on a tight leash." C) "Women are less skilled in mathematics than men." D) "On the whole, women make worse political leaders than men."
A
31) Finn is the manager of a firm. He tends to give more opportunities to female employees than to male employees. He believes that women do their work more honestly than men. He also makes remarks such as “Women are highly intuitive” and “Women possess beauty with brains.” As a result, the male employees in Finn’s firm suffer from inferiority complex. In the context of prejudice, this scenario illustrates ________.
A) frequency illusion B) ethnocentrism C) benevolent sexism D) scapegoating
C
32) Around the world, people tend to prefer having:
A) baby boys, except in the United States where girls are preferred. B) baby boys. C) baby girls, except in China where boys are preferred. D) baby girls.
B
33) Identify the true statement about gay-lesbian prejudice.
A) The prejudice regarding gay people and lesbian people across cultures is the same and consistent. B) In Western countries, support for same-sex marriage has increased dramatically over the past two decades. C) In the United States, communities where anti-gay prejudice is commonplace are communities with low rates of gay-lesbian suicide. D) Over time, the prejudice against gay people and lesbian people gets worse.
B
34) Historical examples abound. Where slavery was practiced, prejudice ran strong. This fact is consistent with the principle that ________ breeds prejudice.
A) frustration B) unequal status C) conformity D) linguicism
B
35) We tend to ________ the competence of those high in status and ________ those who agreeably accept a lower status.
A) like; respect B) devalue; admire C) respect; like D) admire; ignore
C
36) A motivation to have one’s group control other social groups or have higher status is called:
A) egalitarianism. B) social comparison. C) groupthink. D) social dominance orientation.
D
37) People high in social dominance orientation tend to support policies that ________ hierarchies and oppose policies that ________ hierarchies.
A) compromise; threaten B) threaten; compromise C) maintain; undermine D) undermine; maintain
C
38) People high in social dominance orientation are most likely to:
A) support social work. B) avoid expressing negative attitudes toward minority groups. C) prefer professions such as politics and business. D) indulge less in prejudiced behavior
C
39) Francesco, an 18-year-old, believes his social group enjoys a high status. He mostly avoids interacting with minority students in his class. He also keeps away from activities that involve providing aid to disadvantaged social groups. His psychology professor identifies him as an individual high in social dominance. In the context of the social sources of prejudice, which of the following professions is Francesco likely to avoid choosing as his career?
A) business B) politics C) social work D) management
C
40) A belief in the superiority of one’s own cultural group and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups is called:
A) misogyny. B) egalitarianism. C) ethnocentrism. D) groupthink.
C
41) Cheng is 90 years old and is the oldest member in his family. He believes that his culture is superior to all other cultures and ethnic groups. He strictly adheres to his cultural traditions and expects other family members to do the same. He dislikes weakness and encourages his grandchildren to obey and respect authority. In the context of prejudice, this scenario illustrates
A) hostile sexism B) face perception C) ethnocentrism D) masochism
C
42) Kayla’s grandparents emigrated from Europe. Kayla holds a strong belief that the people of her group and descent are superior to all others. She can accurately be described as a(n):
A) homophobic person. B) affiliative person. C) ethnocentric person. D) introspective person.
C
43) A consistent finding concerning North American Christianity is that White church members have expressed ________ than nonmembers.
A) more racial prejudice B) less racial prejudice C) more sexism but less racism D) more conformity but less authoritarianism
A
44) Which of the following statements is true about religious and racial prejudice?
A) Faithful church attenders are more prejudiced than occasional attenders. B) Those who scored highest on Gallup's "spiritual commitment" index were less accepting of a person of another race moving in next door. C) Those for whom religion is an intrinsic end in itself express less prejudice than those for whom religion is more a means to other ends. D) All of the answers are correct.
C
45) In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as church membership, then the more religious people have ________.
A) laid down the religious roots of modern civil rights B) refused to agree even superficially with traditional religious beliefs C) been more racially prejudiced than others D) been active in advocating anti-apartheid movements
C
46) Gordon Allport concluded, “The role of ________ is paradoxical. It makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice.”
A) power B) religion C) self-esteem D) education
B
47) Studies of Whites by Pettigrew in South Africa and the American South in the 1950s revealed that those who ________ were also the most prejudiced.
A) had the most education B) conformed most to other social norms C) were the most disadvantaged D) had the greatest amount of social power
B
48) According to studies conducted by Hoffman (1977), children of ________ have expressed less stereotyped views of men and women.
A) authoritarian parents B) employed women C) devoutly religious parents D) stay-at-home mothers
B
49) In the context of the social sources of prejudice, identify a true statement about individuals high in social dominance orientation.
A) They frequently express negative attitudes toward majority persons. B) They typically prefer jobs, such as social work, that undermine hierarchies. C) They oppose policies such as tax cuts for the well-off. D) They prefer being on the top of a hierarchy.
D
50) On examining photographs of people in magazines and newspapers, Archer and his associates (1983) discovered that about two-thirds of the average male photo, but less than half of the average female photo, ________.
A) was devoted to the face B) emphasized the body C) included the situational context D) displayed a standing posture
A
51) In the context of the social sources of prejudice, a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status is known as a(n) ________.
A) neurotic personality B) melancholic personality C) charismatic personality D) authoritarian personality
D
52) Which of the following statements is true of the social sources of prejudice?
A) Groups that enjoy social superiority justify their privileged positions by denying prejudicial beliefs. B) Prejudice springs from equal, rather than unequal, social status. C) People high in social dominance orientation prefer jobs that undermine hierarchies. D) Social institutions sometimes support prejudice through overt policies or through unintentional inertia.
D
