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AQA Biology > 1.1 Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

1.1 Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small subunits that join together to form a polymer.

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2
Q

Give examples of monomers.

A

Monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides

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3
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Long chain molecules formed when many monomers join together.

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4
Q

Give examples of polymers.

A

Polysaccharides, proteins, DNA/RNA

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5
Q

What are the monomers of a carbohydrate?

A

Saccharides

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6
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction?

A

A chemical bond forms between two molecules and a molecule of water is produced

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7
Q

What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A water molecule is used to break a chemical bond between two molecules

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8
Q

Name the 3 hexose monosaccharides.

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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9
Q

What bonds are formed between monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

What reaction forms glycosidic bonds?

A

Condensation

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11
Q

What is released in a condensation reaction?

A

Water molecule

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12
Q

Name 3 disaccharides.

A

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

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13
Q

What forms maltose?

A

a glucose + a glucose

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14
Q

What forms sucrose?

A

Glucose + fructose

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15
Q

What forms lactose?

A

Glucose + galactose

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16
Q

What is the molecular formula of maltose, sucrose and lactose?

A

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

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17
Q

How do disaccharides form?

A

Condensation reactions form glycosidic bonds between 2 monosaccharides

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18
Q

Describe the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose.

A

The H and OH on carbon 1 are rinverted, the OH below on alpha glucose and above on beta glucose

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19
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Many monosaccharides joined by condensation reactions to form glycosidic bonds

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20
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides.

A

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

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21
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

Glucose storage molecules in plants for respiration

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22
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

Glucose storage molecules in animals for respiration

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23
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Strong plant cell walls

24
Q

Describe the structure of starch.

A

Insoluble so there is no osmotic effect on cells
Large so it doesnt diffuse out of cells

25
Q

What is the monosaccharide for starch?

A

Alpha glucose

26
Q

What is the monosaccharide for glycogen?

A

Alpha glucose

27
Q

What is the monosaccharide for cellulose?

A

Beta glucose

28
Q

What kind of bonding is found in starch?

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds

29
Q

What kind of bonding is found in glycogen?

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds

30
Q

How do the bonds in starch impact the structure?

A

Makes it highly branched

31
Q

How do the bonds in glycogen impact the structure?

A

Makes it highly branched

32
Q

What are the adaptations of starch?

A

Highly branched, helical, insoluble, large

33
Q

What are the adaptations of glycogen?

A

Highly branched, helical, insoluble, large

34
Q

Why is having a highly branched structure an adaptation for starch?

A

Many ends
Greater surface area for faster hydrolysis \n Removal of glucose for respiration

35
Q

Why is having a highly branched structure an adaptation for glycogen?

A

Many ends
Greater surface area for faster hydrolysis \n Removal of glucose for respiration

36
Q

Why is being helical an adaptation for starch?

A

Compact so lots can be stored in cell

37
Q

Why is being helical an adaptation for glycogen?

A

Compact so lots can be stored in cell

38
Q

Why is being insoluble an adaptation for starch?

A

Doesn’t effect the osmotic potential of the cell

39
Q

Why is being insoluble an adaptation for glycogen?

A

Doesn’t effect the osmotic potential of the cell

40
Q

Why is being large an adaptation for starch?

A

Cannot leave the cell

41
Q

Why is being large an adaptation for glycogen?

A

Cannot leave the cell

42
Q

What two types of bonds are found in cellulose?

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds \n H bonding between seperate strands

43
Q

How does the glycosidic bonding in cellulose affect its structure?

A

Only straight strands without branching

44
Q

Why is being in straight chains an adaptation for cellulose?

A

Allows H bonds to form between strands

45
Q

What does the hydrogen bonding in cellulose form?

A

Microfibrils

46
Q

What property do microfibrils give cellulose?

A

Rigidity strength

47
Q

What reagent is used to test for sugars?

A

Benedicts

48
Q

What condition is needed for Benedicts to work?

A

Heat (80degrees+)

49
Q

How is a positive result shown with Benedicts?

A

Colour change from blue to brick red due to the precipitate formed

50
Q

Name the reducing sugars.

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose, lactose, fructose

51
Q

Name the non-reducing sugars.

A

Sucrose

52
Q

How can a quantitive results be shown on the amount of sugar present in a solution?

A
  1. Filter to remove precipitate from solution 2. Dry and weigh precipitate
  2. The greater the mass, the more sugar present
53
Q

How can a colourimeter be used to give quantitive results on the presence of sugar?

A
  1. Make up solutions of known sugar concentration using serial dilution and place in colourimeter 2. Create a calibration curve from the absorbance of each known concentration 3. Compare unknown solution absorbancy and read off the concentration of sugar
54
Q

Describe the Benedicts test for reducing sugars.

A
  1. Add an equal volume of Benedicts reagent to a sample 2. Heat the mixture in a hot water bath for 5 minutes 3. Positive result = colour change from blue to brick-red
55
Q

Describe the Benedicts test for non-reducing sugars.

A
  1. Control - negative result remaining blue 2. Hydrolyse non-reducing sugars by adding hydrochloric acid 3. Heat in hot water bath for 5 minutes 4. Neutralise the mixture using sodium carbonate solution 5. Benedicts test
56
Q

Describe the test for starch.

A
  1. Add iodine solution 2. Positive result = colour change from orange to blue-black

AQA Biology (35 decks)

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