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AQA Biology > 5.2 Respiration > Flashcards

5.2 Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of releasing energy from glucose

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2
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Process of releasing energy from glucose without the presence of oxygen

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3
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Process of releasing energy from glucose with the presence of oxygen

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4
Q

Name the 4 main stages in aerobic respiration.

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

What is the first stage of respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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6
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Outline the stages of glycolysis.

A

Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose phosphate by 2ATP
Glucose phosphate splits into 2TP
2TP is oxidised to 2 pyruvate

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8
Q

What is meant by TP?

A

Triose phosphate

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9
Q

What is meant by ATP?

A

Adenosine TriPhosphate

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10
Q

What is the net gain per glucose of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP
2 reduced NAD

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11
Q

What is produced by glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

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12
Q

How does pyruvate from glycolysis enter the mitochondria?

A

Via active transport

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13
Q

What is the second stage of respiration?

A

Link reaction

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14
Q

Where does the Link reaction occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

Outline the stages of the link reaction.

A

Oxidation of pyruvate to acetate
(Decarboxylation)
(Reduction of NAD)
Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetylcoenzyme A

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16
Q

What is the net gain per pyruvate of glycolysis?

A

1 CO₂
2 H

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17
Q

What is produced by the Link reaction?

A

acetyl coenzyme A

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18
Q

Give a summary equation for the link reaction.

A

pyruvate + NAD + CoA
->
acetyl CoA + reduced NAD + CO₂

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19
Q

What is the third stage of respiration?

A

Krebs cycle

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20
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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21
Q

What is the Krebs cycle?

A

A series of redox reactions

22
Q

Outline the stages of the Krebs cycle.

A

Acetate released from CoA
Acetate (2C) joins with oxaloacetate forms citrate (6C)
Citrate is decarboxylated & dehydrogenated to 5C compound
5C compound decarboxylated & dehydrogenated to 4C compound
(NAD reduced)
First 4C converted to second 4C
(ATP produced - substrate level phosphorylation)
Second 4C converted to third 4C
Third 4C converted to oxaloacetate

23
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

A

1 ATP
2 CO₂
3 NADH
1 FADH₂

24
Q

What is the final stage of respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation via ETC

25
Q

What is the Electron Transfer Chain (ETC)?

A

Series of carrier proteins embedded in membrane of cristae

26
Q

How does ETC produce ATP?

A

Through oxidative phosphorylation via chemiosmosis during aerobic respiration

27
Q

Outline stages of ETC.

A

Electrons released from reduced NAD & FAD undergo redox reactions
Energy released coupled to maintaining proton gradient or released as heat
Oxygen acts as final electron acceptor

28
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

Membrane of cristae

29
Q

How is the proton concentration gradient established during chemiosmosis?

A

Some energy released from ETC is coupled to active transport of H+ ions (protons) from mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space

30
Q

How does chemiosmosis produce ATP?

A

H+ ions (protons) move down concentration gradient from intermembrane space into mitochondrial matrix via channel protein ATP synthase

31
Q

What does ATP synthase do?

A

Catalyses ADP + Pi -> ATP

32
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen

33
Q

What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

A

Final electron acceptor in the ETC
(Produces water as byproduct)

34
Q

What is the benefit of an ETC instead of single reaction?

A

Energy is released gradually
Less energy released as heat

35
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Process by which ATP is produced in the mitochondria using the proton gradient established during respiration

36
Q

Name 3 types of molecules that can be used as alternative respiratory substrates.

A

Proteins
Lipids

37
Q

How can lipids act as alternative respiratory substrate?

A

lipid -> glycerol + fatty acids

Phosphorylation of glycerol to TP for glycolysis

Fatty acid -> acetate
Acetate for link reaction
H atoms produced for oxidative phosphorylation

38
Q

How can proteins act as alternative respiratory substrate?

A

Deamination of amino acids produces:
3C compounds (pyruvate for link reaction)
4/5C compounds (intermediates in Krebs cycle)

38
Q

Name the stages in respiration that produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.

A

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle

39
Q

What is the theoretical yield of ATP per glucose in aerobic respiration?

A

32 ATP molecules

40
Q

What is the actual yield of ATP per glucose in aerobic respiration?

A

30-32 ATP molecules.

41
Q

What happens during anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Only glycolysis continues using oxidised NAD

reduced NAD + pyruvate -> oxidised NAD + lactate

42
Q

What happens to the lactate produced in anaerobic respiration?

A

Transported to liver via bloodstream
Oxidised to pyruvate
Used in link reaction in liver cells or converted to glycogen

43
Q

What happens during anaerobic respiration in yeast and plant cells?

A

Only glycolysis continues
Pyruvate is decarboxyated to form ethanal
Ethanal reduced to ethanol using reduced NAD to produced oxidised NAD for further glycolysis

44
Q

What is the advantage of producing ethanol/lactate during anaerobic respiration?

A

Converts reduced NAD back into NAD so glycolysis can continue

45
Q

What is the advantage of producing ethanol during anaerobic respiration?

A

Ethanol dissolves in cell membrane
Cells die when ethanol concentration too high

46
Q

What is the disadvantage of producing lactate during anaerobic respiration?

A

Acidic so decreases pH
Results in muscle fatigue

47
Q

Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

A

Both involve glycolysis
Both require NAD
Both produce ATP

48
Q

Contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

A

Aerobic:
substrate-level & oxidative phosphorylation
produces more ATP
doesn’t produce ethanol/lactate

Anaerobic:
substrate-leve phosphorylation only
produces fewer ATP
produces ethanol/lactate

49
Q

Suggest how student could investigate the effect of a named varaible on the rate of respiration of a single-celled organism.

A

Use respirometer
Use dye as terminal electron acceptor

50
Q

What is the purpose of sodium hydroxide solution in a respirometer set up?

A

Absorbs CO₂ so there is a net decrease in pressure as O₂ consumed

51
Q

How could a student calculate the rate of respiration using a respirometer?

A

Volume of O₂ produced or CO₂ consumed/time x mass of sample

Volume = distance moved by coloured drop x π(radius of capillary tube)²

AQA Biology (35 decks)

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