1.1 constructions of crime, security and justice in the city

Question 1

what % do cities consume of the worlds resources

Answer 1

80%

Question 2

what % do cities consume of the worlds land

Answer 2

2%

Question 3

people are moving to urban areas at a rate of what per week?

this will result in what % of of the global population will live in urban areas in 2050?

Answer 3

1.3 million per week moving to urban areas

70% living in urban areas in 2050

Question 4

what is there an increasing pressure on in citys?
what is this already challenged by?

Answer 4

city resources and infrastructure

these are already challenged by capital needs

Question 5

what is the growing urban population putting tremendous strain on for public officals

Answer 5

• existing municipal infrastructure
• requiring public officials to achieve more with less

Question 6

how can the required increase in city efficiency and cost reductions be achieved in modern day

Answer 6

smart city solutions

Question 7

what must cities leaders do to invest in the best smart cities solutions?

Answer 7

• leverage their resources
• reduce their risk for such investments
• implement new solutions with experienced professionals to avoid potential risks

Question 8

what did the impact of the FIRST industrial revolution have on cities?

Answer 8

caused huge migration of populations from countryside to residence, work and leisure in cities

Question 9

what did the impact of the FOURTH industrial revolution have for smart cities?

Answer 9

the related migration to greater online social relations in smart cities

Question 10

What was the significance of processes of urbanisation good for explaining?

Answer 10

good for explaining criminalisation and social change

Question 11

significance of urbanisation for criminalisation was brought into question by? during?

Answer 11

by mass migration to online work and leisure

during the 4th industrial revolution

Question 12

what can online life do to offlinelife

Answer 12

that online life can DISENGAGE people from offline life altogether

Question 13

examples of online life crime

Answer 13

• CYBERCRIME
• MOBILITY BETWEEN SOCIAL CONTEXTS
• GLOBAL CRIME or TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
• RURAL CRIMINOLOGY

Question 14

can criminology be treated as synonymous with urbanisation?

Answer 14

no

but urbanisation cannot be discarded as a continued focus for criminological research

Question 15

what insecurities may be harmful but are legal?

Answer 15

polluted environments

Question 16

what insecurities are illegal but largely ignored?

Answer 16

corrupt public adminstration

Question 17

what does shifting analytical focus beyond crime to urban security also acknowledge an increasing interest in?

Answer 17

positive security

Question 18

what is positive security?

Answer 18

social reactions which are enabling and reassuring in their pastoral care of citizens and not simply repressive

Question 19

what are examples of a corollary of this broadening of enquiry beyond crime to security to different concepts of justice?

beyond criminal justice to:

Answer 19

• restorative justice
• social justice
• risk management of social reactions to insecurities

Question 20

what was signalled by the smart city movement

Answer 20

-increasing migration of everyday life online
- associated with 4th industrial revolution
- reflects an interest in technological solutions to challenges confronting cities

Question 21

what is the ongoing argument about urban security solutions and what they generate

Answer 21

• efficacy of smart city solutions but
• whether these solutions generate new security threats

Question 22

example of efficacy of smart city solutions?

Answer 22

using the internet of things to better monitor and regulate domestic use of scarce resources such as
- gas
-water
- electricity

Question 23

example of a new security threat to smart city solutions?

Answer 23

vulnerability of internet enabled household utilities to ransomware attacks

Question 24

what emphasised and accelerated online migration

Answer 24

covid 19 pandemic

Question 25

what is the term used to refer to the scale of online migration?

Answer 25

the death of cities

Question 26

what are youthful criminal collaborations referred to as

Answer 26

the gang

Question 27

what are adult criminal collaborations referred to as

Answer 27

organised crime

Question 28

3 associations with urban unrest

Answer 28

- incivilities - riots - the crowd

Question 29

what is political violence

Answer 29

terrorism

Question 30

where is unequal distribution of o+v across different urban environments

Answer 30

the neighbourhood

Question 31

what is : ```-the association of violence - substance misuse, - especially alcohol, -illicit sexual relations with nightlife of cities

Answer 31

the night time economy street vice

Question 32

what is arguably as harmful as conventional preoccupations of criminology such as volume street crime but is typically ignored as priority in research and public policy

Answer 32

urban governance insecurities such as: unenforced health and safety in the workplace

Question 33

what do ignored insecurities emphase the importance of in public policy ? which justice?

Answer 33

SOCIAL justice, just as important as criminal justice

Question 34

what 3 constructions were part of the territorial offline

Answer 34

- rookery - zone in transition - ecology of fear

Question 35

what construction is part of the ether (online/ offline)

Answer 35

smart city

Question 36

the rookery -where was it? - when was it? - who established it?

Answer 36

- st giles, london - mid 19th century - henry mayhew 1860

Question 37

zone in transition -where was it? - when was it? - who established it?

Answer 37

- chicago - early 20th century - ernest burgess 1925

Question 38

ecology of fear -where was it? - when was it? - who established it?

Answer 38

- LA -late 20th century - mike davis 1998

Question 39

smart city - when was it? - who established it?

Answer 39

- early 21st century - edwards and calaresu 2018

Question 40

social reformer henry mayhew observations of the...

Answer 40

...dickensian misery in the slums of victorian london

Question 41

frederick engels account of the...

Answer 41

...immiserated conditions of the working class in 19th century london and manchester

Question 42

signal work of ernest burgess and chicago school

Answer 42

- chicago school of sociology - ecology of early/mid 20th century chicago - concentric zones - criminogenic inner city zone in transition

Question 43

territorial conception of security and mike davis was what type of vision examples

Answer 43

dystopian visions of the ecology of fear in late 20th centruy LA - gated residential communities - quarrantined commuter corridors in commercial downtown districts - drug/ vice free zones - arrest young, primarily male, minority ethnic population in gulag rim

Question 44

emergent smart city technologies produce citizens who are?

Answer 44

hyperconnected with others from other territories well beyond their own cities

Question 45

how is cyber crime treated? bracketed off...

Answer 45

-bracketed off from territorial conceptions of social control - treat it as diffused around the ETHER

Question 46

cyber criminology needs to acknowldge the territorial implications of emergent technologies how?

Answer 46

- use of social media to provoke offline criminal collaborations - fuel political protest and violence in riots -terrorist incidents