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crime, security and justice in the city > 1.1 constructions of crime, security and justice in the city > Flashcards

1.1 constructions of crime, security and justice in the city Flashcards

1
Q

what has become one of most important development challenges of 21st century?

A

managing urban areas

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2
Q

what % do cities consume of the worlds resources

A

80%

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3
Q

what % do cities consume of the worlds land

A

2%

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4
Q

people are moving to urban areas at a rate of what per week?

this will result in what % of of the global population will live in urban areas in 2050?

A

1.3 million per week moving to urban areas

70% living in urban areas in 2050

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5
Q

what is there an increasing pressure on in citys?
what is this already challenged by?

A

city resources and infrastructure

these are already challenged by capital needs

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6
Q

what is the growing urban population putting tremendous strain on?

A
  • existing municipal infrastructure
  • requiring public officials to achieve more with less
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7
Q

how can the required increase in city efficiency and cost reductions be achieved?

A

smart city solutions

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8
Q

what must cities leaders do to invest in the best smart cities solutions?

A
  • leverage their resources
  • reduce their risk for such investments
  • implement new solutions with experienced professionals to avoid potential risks
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9
Q

what did the impact of the FIRST industrial revolution have on cities?

A

caused huge migration of populations from countryside to residence, work and leisure in cities

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10
Q

what did the impact of the FOURTH industrial revolution have for smart cities?

A

the related migration to greater online social relations in smart cities

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11
Q

What was the significance of processes of urbanisation good for explaining?

A

good for explaining criminalisation and social change

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12
Q

significance of urbanisation for criminalisation was brought into question by? during?

A

by mass migration to online work and leisure

during the 4th industrial revolution

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13
Q

significance of processes of urbanisation in criminological thought?

A

impact on the criminalisation of social relations of mass migration of cities during 1st industrial revolution
- in the home
- workplace
- street

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14
Q

what does the interrelationships between online and offline life in smart cities reveal?

A

reveals continued relevance of cities for contemporary and not just historical criminology

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15
Q

how is the interrelationship between online and offline challenged?

A

that online life can disengage people from offline life altogether

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16
Q

where is the disengagement of offline life by online life depicted? emphasis on criminalisation due to this

A
  • CYBERCRIME
  • consequence of MOBILITY BETWEEN SOCIAL CONTEXTS
  • growing interest in GLOBAL CRIME or TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
  • consequence of increased interest in other contexts of criminalisation such as RURAL CRIMINOLOGY
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17
Q

can criminology be treated as synonymous with urbanisation?

A

no

but urbanisation cannot be discarded as a continued focus for criminological research

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18
Q

what insecurities may be harmful but are legal?

A

polluted environments

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19
Q

what insecurities are illegal but largely ignored?

A

corrupt public adminstration

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20
Q

what does shifting analytical focus beyond crime to security also acknowledge an increasing interest in?

A

positive security

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21
Q

what is positive security?

A

social reactions which are enabling and reassuring in their pastoral care of citizens and not simply repressive

22
Q

what are examples of a corollary of this broadening of enquiry beyond crime to security to different concepts of justice?

A

beyond criminal justice to:
- restorative justice
- social justice
- concern with social reactions that seek to manage risks posed by insecurities

23
Q

what was signalled by the smart city movement

A

-increasing migration of everyday life online
- associated with 4th industrial revolution
- reflects an interest in technological solutions to challenges confronting cities

24
Q

what is the ongoing argument about urban security futures

A
  • efficacy of smart city solutions but
  • whether these solutions generate new security threats
25
Q

example of efficacy of smart city solutions?

A

using the internet of things to better monitor and regulate domestic use of scarce resources such as
- gas
-water
- electricity

26
Q

example of a new security threat to smart city solutions?

A

vulnerability of internet enabled household utilities to ransomware attacks

27
Q

what emphasised and accelerated online migration

A

covid 19 pandemic

28
Q

what is the term used to refer to the scale of online migration?

A

the death of cities

29
Q

what are youthful criminal collaborations referred to as

A

the gang

30
Q

what are adult criminal collaborations referred to as

A

organised crime

31
Q

3 associations with urban unrest

A
  • incivilities
  • riots
  • the crowd
32
Q

what is political violence

A

terrorism

33
Q

where is unequal distribution of o+v across different urban environments

A

the neighbourhood

34
Q

-the association of violence
- substance misuse,
- especially alcohol,
-illicit sexual relations with nightlife of cities

A

the night time economy
street vice

35
Q

what is arguably as harmful as conventional preoccupations of criminology such as volume street crime but is typically ignored as priority in research and public policy

A

urban governance insecurities such as:
unenforced health and safety in the workplace

36
Q

what do ignored insecurities emphase the importance of in public policy ?

A

SOCIAL justice, just as important as criminal justice

37
Q

what 3 constructions were part of the territory offline

A
  • rookery
  • zone in transition
  • ecology of fear
38
Q

what construction is part of the ether (online/ offline)

A

smart city

39
Q

the rookery
-where was it?
- when was it?
- who established it?

A
  • st giles, london
  • mid 19th century
  • henry mayhew 1860
40
Q

zone in transition
-where was it?
- when was it?
- who established it?

A
  • chicago
  • early 20th century
  • ernest burgess 1925
41
Q

ecology of fear
-where was it?
- when was it?
- who established it?

A
  • LA
    -late 20th century
  • mike davis 1998
42
Q

smart city
- when was it?
- who established it?

A
  • early 21st century
  • edwards and calaresu 2018
43
Q

social reformer henry mayhew observations of the…

A

…dickensian misery in the slums of victorian london

44
Q

frederick engels account of the…

A

…immiserated conditions of the working class in 19th century london and manchester

45
Q

signal work of ernest burgess and chicago school

A
  • chicago school of sociology
  • ecology of early/mid 20th century chicago
  • concentric zones
  • criminogenic inner city zone in transition
46
Q

territorial conception of security and mike davis was what type of vision

examples

A

dystopian visions of the ecology of fear in late 20th centruy LA
- gated residential communities
- quarrantined commuter corridors in commercial downtown districts
- drug/ vice free zones
- arrest young, primarily male, minority ethnic population in gulag rim

47
Q

emergent smart city technologies produce citizens who are?

A

hyperconnected with others from other territories well beyond their own cities

48
Q

how is cyber crime treated? bracketed off…

A

-bracketed off from territorial conceptions of social control
- treat it as diffused around the ETHER

49
Q

cyber criminology needs to acknowldge the territorial implications of emergent technologies how?

A
  • use of social media to provoke offline criminal collaborations
  • fuel political protest and violence in riots
    -terrorist incidents
50
Q
A

crime, security and justice in the city (6 decks)

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