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crime, security and justice in the city > things i need to focus on > Flashcards

things i need to focus on Flashcards

1
Q

social disorgansiation theory

shaw + mcckay

A
  • statisitical concentration of young offenders in zone in transition
  • low socio economci status
  • residential turnover
  • heterogentiy
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2
Q

collective effiacy

sampson

A
  • process of activitating/ converting social ties among neighborhood residents to achieve collective goals
  • residents must be willing to intervene
  • social cohesion+ trust
  • use public space to intervene + solve disputes before escalates to police
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3
Q

routine actiivites theory

cohen and felson

A
  • rational choice + opportuntity theory
  • weigh up risks, rewards
  • socioeconomic environment shapes offending opportuntiies
  • spatial and temporal variations of crime rates due to daily actiivties for routines
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4
Q

crime pattern theory

brantingham

A
  • social/ physical environment shapes offender decision making
  • offenders prefer to operate in familiar contextsin their daily routines
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5
Q

broken windows theory

wilson and kelling

A
  1. link between disorder + crime
  2. spirals of decline
  3. order maintenance policing
  • erosion of informal social controls
  • comunities reach their TIPPING POINTS which crime feeds off
  • visible signs of social dsorder INDIRECTLY contrbiutes to hgih rates of serious crime as it encourages misbehaviour
  • correlation does not prove causation
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6
Q

signal crime theory

inness

A
  • reassuance gap - fear of crime correlates with VISIBLE signs of crime
  • public perceptions of crime is crucial
  • incidents of disorder TRANSMIT SIGNALS that shapes peoples RISK PERCEPTIONS
  • signals local area is out of control
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7
Q

what was the polcing european metropolis project

A

understanding proseective dilemmas in smart cities

orientations
objectives
populations

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8
Q

orientations for classical + posiitve traditions orientate responses to crime around what?

A

the offenders

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9
Q

what does criminological thought draw a distinction between in populations

A

epidemology + public health policy

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10
Q

maintenace regimes relflect what dispositon

A

criminal justice

  • due process maintaining prosecution
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11
Q

dilemma for maintenace regimes

A
  • can pre-emptive security measures be adopted without undermining rule of law
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12
Q

developmental regimes reflect what dispositon

A

risk management

-can pre-emptive intervention aimed at better managing opporuntiies for crime/ criminal careers
- securitisation is DEVELOPED through risk management

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13
Q

dilemma for developmental regimes

A

runs the risk of miscarriages of jusitce + unfair constrains on social conditions

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14
Q

reformist regimes reflect what dispositions

A

restorative justice

  • reforming stigmatic shaming with more reintrgeative shamping + direct mediation between offenders and victims
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15
Q

dilemma for reformist regimes

A

runs risk of undermining public interest in policing agaisnt all citizens not just individual victims

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16
Q

transformative regimes reflect what disposition

A

social justice

  • reducing/ transforming political and economic inequalities
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17
Q

dilemma for transformative regimes

A

crises of rationality
- sheer magnitude of governing programmes
- problems of collective violence
- flight of corporate to lower citiy regions

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18
Q

what was the manipilute clean hands judicial investigation

A

recognising everyday insecurities encountered by low income households that are ignored

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19
Q

prostition act 2002

A

germany federal law regulating legal status of prostition as a SERVICE

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20
Q

New zealand model 2003

A

decriminalisation of sex workers

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21
Q

managed/ tolerance zones helbeck leeds

A

2015-15th june 2021

cannot have sex in the zone
can only solicit sex
red light zone

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22
Q

nordic abolition model

A
  • began in sweden
  • buying sex became an offence in 1999
  • criminalise buyers
  • decriminalise sellers
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23
Q

new deviancy theory

david matza

A
  • linked to provenance
  • study of crime through POLITICS, JUSTICE and RISK
  • public authorities create hte problem of crime throuhg their CHOICES about what to criminalise
  • people become deviant through LABELLING + CENSURE by authorities/ politicians
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24
Q

positivist view of crime

A

objective social fact divorced from the states process of criminalisation + censure

opposite of new deviancy theory

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25
radical/ critical element of environmental harms studies
focus on enviornmental harms of the POWERFUL - addresses labelling issues
26
brown issues
pollution
27
green issues
wildlife + habitat protection
28
white issues
new technologies + lab experimenting
29
new environemtnal governance is what 3 things P A R
proactive anticipatory risk based
30
dirty collar crime
pattern of systemtic corruption of locla officals + circumvention of existing regulations related to WASTE MANAGEMENT waste disposal become highly profitable attracting legal + illegal enterprises
31
crime by proxy
- practice where waste dumping is OUTSOURCED to criminal groups by supposedly legitimate actors - waste dumping = CONTRACTED OUT
32
Zemiology
shift from criminal justice to social justice to understand problems with insecurity FOCUS ON SOCIAL HARMS RATHER THAN CRIME
33
Socio technical arms race
arms race between organisers + preventors of crime
34
mega cities hyperconnected
- command centres - interconnectedness + communications between cities - high in degree + out degree measures indicate TRANSANTIONAL TRAFFIC / organised crime
35
pastoral
securitise public sapce through behavioural manipulation + inclusion siutational risk management
36
providence
idea of self discipline in pursuit of future self-improvement
37
eugencis movment
concern with purity + race
38
ecological fallacy
indiviudal actions can be deduced from aggregate observatons about whole groups/ patterns of crime
39
technolgoical solutions for smart cities
think tanks + commerical tech firms PROMOTING sociotechnical ssystems
40
socio technical systems
used in arms race between preventors + organsiers of crime
41
flashmobbing
offline robberies COORDINATED through encyrpted online communcations
42
fortress mentality
risk management + security through fortiifaction e..g gated communities
43
long firm frauds
- trading companies set up for fraudulent purposes - run business as if it was legitimate - then steal through fraud after CULTIVATING TRUST in suppliers
44
splintered urbanism
- securiting rings constructed around some sections of cities disconnected physically + techolgoically
45
ecological approaches to crime studied through ?
spatial and temporal patterns of crime as shaped by physcial/ socail environment
46
place
has social meaning attached
47
space
no social meanings attached
48
offender based approaches
- statisical mapping of offender residence patterns - identify delinquent areas/ self report studies
49
offence based approaches
- spatial analysis is of victimisation risks + perceptions of safety - local crime surveys - analysis of police recorded crime
50
neighbourhood studies
- intense ethnographic immersion in life worlds of local places exam offender + victim perspectives
51
innovaton strain theory
individuals retain values but seek deviant routes due to blocked opportunites
52
NDC + CCCS revised amercian subcultural theory
shift away from offending behaviour to LABELLING of subculture as criminal in YOUTHS - social/ poltiical REACTIONs to crime/ deviance
53
kray + richardson family crime groups process of profrssional crime
process of DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION
54
Differential association edwin sutherland
explain why certain people become drawn into criminality
55
hobbs 2013 - the firm
nickname the firm is chosen by adult cc to SIGNIFY THEIR TRANSITION from neighbourhood based crime to ambiitous venture into illicit markets - gradutation to associaton with professioanl crime
56
leeds + bristol FPM P I S
political interactional situational
57
jefferson radical critique
- application of quasi miltiary policing - spirals of violence - paramilitary poliicng causes PROVOCATION of crime
58
PAJ waddington positive paramilitarism
- preventing sprials of violence - paramiltiary policingis a RESPONSE - coordination through superior command + control of senior officers
59
jon coaffe 3 rings
rings of - steel - concrete - confidence
60
transnational organised crime
organsied crime groups coordinated across national borders - imapct of globalisation
61
the underworld
transgressive annex of proletarian industrial culture - world of adult cc enabled by upperworld legiitmate commerce
62
impact of the cold war
- globalisation decreasesd significance of internatinal relations - emphasised TRANSNATIONAL RELATIONS = command centres of city regions
63
new pernicious illict businss model
rookeries of english city regions expanding to provinces through this business model
64
aboreal thinking
runs risk of imposing specious conceptual order on things rather than acknowleding what actually exists
65
rhizomatic
complex process of sense-making which each person brigns their own CONTEXT + has their own needs
66
rhizomatic natrue of street life
qualitiative study of this life in particualr CONTEXTS rather than absratc measures gleaned from other contexts at other historical momemtns
67
elaborated social identity model
used in police policy influenced 2011 riots
68
gov counter terrorism strategy CONTEST
pursue prevent protect prepare
69
reassurance/ neighbourhood policing
emergeed from research on SIGNAL CRIME - small local areas develop PROACTIVE communtiy policing approaches - evaluation of local management commmuntiy safety - tackle anti social behaviour - PARTNERSHIPS with local authorities + police - intro of police community support officer - lcoal authority community warden scheme
70
moore et al reducing alchohol relate dsharm through what
explanatory randomised controlled trial of premises-level intervention match, paired, randomly allocated control + intervention agents
71
hobbes research of NTE
- particiapnt observation + interviews - enacted environments - issue = POLTIICANS + REGULATORS
72
Project vigilant by stander intervention training T I S
target incidents identify predatory behaviours support predatory referrall
73
liberal feminist advocacy groups
- advocate pro decriminalisation - sex work = honoruable profession - woemn have control over their bodies - telling women what to do with their bodies is patriarchal + paternalistic
74
radical feminsiits
- campaign for ABOLITION - womens bodies should not be commodified as it reaffirms male dominance - sex work is not work but a last resort - equates with modern slavery - cannot be entirely consensual

crime, security and justice in the city (27 decks)

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