2.2 youthful urban collaborations

Question 1

what demographic is there a fearful preoccuaption with in history of urban governance

Answer 1

-threats posed by groups of young working class males BAME

Question 2

in early 20th century who tried to conceptualsie these threats of criminal collaborations

and why?

Answer 2

• chicago school
• for the purposes of systematic empirical investigation in terms of the street gang

Question 3

what was the criticism of british sociologists about the american concept of the gang?

Answer 3

didn’t explain the group behaviour of young people in british cities who were more likely to pariticpate in less structured sub cultures

Question 4

when were american concepts of the gang more relevant in britain and regarding what characteristics

Answer 4

early 21st century
- characteristics of youthful criminal collaboration now more relevant in britain
- or criminal collaboration in uk had become americanised

Question 5

the refutation of this american to british convergence thesis by those arguing criminal collaboration remains highly dependent on what?

Answer 5

on the context in different cities within countries let alone between them

Question 6

what is stan cohen a sociologist of

Answer 6

deviance and social control

Question 7

stan cohen quote ‘prevalence of….

as researchers avert their gaze from crimes of… to focus on fears of…

Answer 7

• prevalence of palms up, eyes down criminology
• as researchers avert their gaze from crimes of the powerful to focus on fears of the powerful about threat from below

Question 8

epidemological research (self report studies epecialy) estimate how many offences known to authorities are committed collaboratively in joint enterprise crime?

Answer 8

50%

Question 9

fraser and hobbs 2017 use concepts of the gang, the firm etc to interpret this joint enterprise along with the allied focus on urban contexts of this joint enterprise BETRAYS what preoccupation?

Answer 9

political and economic preoccupation with the threat from the urban working class,

• especially its cohort of males from perceived outside groups

Question 10

frasher and hobbs 2017 core argument is that those criminal collaboratiosn that are regarded as ‘urban’ are regarded so because of WHOS FEAR

Answer 10

because of more profound fear amongst the authorities of threats posed by the urban working class to social order

Question 11

fraud and white collar crimes are often what type of offence

Answer 11

collaborative

Question 12

fraud and white collar crime have not historically been regarded as what?

which is synonymous with..

Answer 12

• not historically regarded as central to crime control in cities
• effectively synonymous with policing the working class

Question 13

what are metaphors of communal transgression

Answer 13

• the gang
• the mob
• the firm
• the organisation

Question 14

metaphors for communal transgression carry implicit essences of what 3 intents?

Answer 14

• consolidated
• concentrated
• undiluted deviant intent

Question 15

when presented as collectivities criminals compound the threats posed by actions of individual deviants and the resultant categories become WHAT by law enforcement and the media

Answer 15

become EASILY OBJECTIFIED by law enforcement agencies and valorised by mass media

Question 16

what two types of crime are generlaly exempt from being presented in terms of collectivities

Answer 16

fraud
white collar crime

Question 17

which group is overwhelmingly regarded as suitable for plural as opposed to individual consideration

Answer 17

urban working class

Question 18

what group evades definition and narrow categorisation but are central to criminological cannnon?

Answer 18

youthful urban collaborations

Question 19

what group remains a niche field of inquiry but increasing insalience due to growing interest of authorities in organsied crime?

Answer 19

adult crimininal collaborations

Question 20

policing the working class city reflects struggles over what 3 things?

Answer 20

-access to resources
- opportunities amongst upwardly mobile populations
- left behind residual populations of the street

Question 21

what does phil cohen 1981 capture the progression of the split that occurred within what population in london? because they became upwardly mobile

Answer 21

working class populations in london
- became upwardly mobile
- began to demand greater protection of their property and
- right to move freely around neighbourhoods

Question 22

when did the character of conflict with state police alter

what does it reflect

Answer 22

from mid 19th century to early 20th century

reflecting this upward mobility and consequent fragmentation of the working class reaction to constabularies

Question 23

what were the new police called with resentment

Answer 23

blue locusts

Question 24

by early 20th century conflict became focussed more specificlaly amongst

Answer 24

the police and the residaul street population

Question 25

who in particular in the residual street population were the focus of the police

Answer 25

- costermongers - barrow boys - hustlers - other street entrepreneurs

Question 26

what did the more specific conflict with residual street populations rather than entire communiites introduce as a crucial dimesnion to respectable fears

Answer 26

age

Question 27

what was the policing focus in the signal work of shaw and mcckay?

Answer 27

focus of policing on juvenile members of street populations and their joint enterprises

Question 28

fraser and hobbs 2017 suggest the preoccupation with juvenile gangs in public policy further betrays the real underlying concern with perceived threat of working class street populations to social order in major cities rather than the actuality of what?

Answer 28

the actuality of - what enables different kinds of crimes in cities - who gets involved - with what harmful consequences

Question 29

the fearful social reaction to crime has shifted away from juvenile gangs and beocme more concerned with ?

Answer 29

joint enterprise amognst adults involved in organised crime

Question 30

when were public policy reactions to criminal enterprises in amercian cities

Answer 30

during prohibition era

Question 31

what is organised crime epitomised by the influence of whos governance in chicago 1920-302

Answer 31

al capones mob in 1920 and 1930s

Question 32

what preoccuption with adult collaborations has continued rather than focusing on conditions

Answer 32

with agency rather than the conditions

Question 33

major criticsm of chicago school work is its AVERSION to studying what which creates the conditions for crime and insecurity?

Answer 33

political and economic choices of powerful state and commercial actors

Question 34

why are chicago school criticised for a lack of what did they have a limited recogntiion of whch created the conditons for street crime

Answer 34

lack of reflexivity about the values implicit in their own methodological choices limited recognition of the role of powerful state and corporate actors

Question 35

who are associaed with the birth of science of street crime central to the gang concept

Answer 35

chicago school

Question 36

what method of data collection did thrasher 1927 root his concepts of street gangs in

Answer 36

primary data collection methods e.g. interviews, socialising, identifying with gang members

Question 37

how would thrashers 1927 data collection methods be described as today

Answer 37

ethnographic snowball sampling

Question 38

what are thrashers conceptualisation of conventionalised groups formally structured around rules of? M E P

Answer 38

- membership - exclusion - punishment

Question 39

how did gangs form according to thrashser?

Answer 39

- gangs emerge out of informal crowds in neighborhoods with high population densities - with limited space and resources - compelling young people to congregate and pursue their leisure in public space e.g. the street

Question 40

thrasher said the major innovator in identifying how the more solidified and formalised gangs became the more they provided routes into: B A MP

Answer 40

- banditry - adult criminal enterprises - machine politics

Question 41

what is banditry

Answer 41

- planned routine - rather than just opportunistic commission of street crimes

Question 42

what is associated with recruitment into adult criminal enterprises

Answer 42

- the mob - organsied crime - running extortion rackets - narcotics - prostitution - illegal gambling - drinking

Question 43

why are political campaigns and rewarding and threatening elctorates on behalf of politicians called machine politiics

Answer 43

- because of the way that access to and retention of public office was systematically brought through bribes and threats, enforced if needed by street gangs

Question 44

what research was driven by north amercian criminologists malcolm klein but transfeered to european criminology through? WHAT PROGRAMME

Answer 44

eurogangs programme

Question 45

what has eurogangs programme on latin kings elaborated latin kings are no reducible or connected to what

Answer 45

- latin kinds had their origins in street gangs - but are not reducible to banditry or connected to machine politics of public officials

Question 46

what are latin kings instead in undertake what function?

Answer 46

- instead in a vacuum of adequate welfare state provisions - undertake para state functions

Question 47

when is the era of consensus in US

Answer 47

after WW2 and before 1960s

Question 48

what dream is central to era of consensus

Answer 48

idea of upward mobility through educational attainment and hard work = american dream

Question 49

what is the american dream

Answer 49

- individual progress was open to all, particualrly in expanding economies of north americaan cities irrespective of class inequalities and ethnic religious bigotries

Question 50

what did subculture depict what was the american dream in actuality ?

Answer 50

american dream was in actuality subverted by unequal access to education and employment needed for upward mobility

Question 51

what was innovation (strain theory)

Answer 51

- individuals may retain values but reject the means (of licit employment) due to BLOCKED ADVANCEMENT seeking instead deviant routes to personal advancement - gangsterism - lucrative illegal markets in drugs and vice

Question 52

concept of subculture recast this notion of adaptations to strain from merton focus on

Answer 52

individuals to whole social classes

Question 53

what was cohens 'status frustration'

Answer 53

- workign class males alienated from middle class values of school - routinely ignored challenging background working class lads came from - how these inhibited their ability to suceed whilst in school - confronted by teachers oblivious to these inhibitions and inclined to pathologise them as personal flaws these working class lads develop status frustration and react by forming a subculture

Question 54

cohens concept of reaction formation of subculutes of how males can transition out of unfulfilling conventio school carerrs via what?

Answer 54

VIA TRUANCY into innovative adaptions to strain in adolescence and adulthood

Question 55

Who were founders of national deviancy conference and revised amercian subcultural theory

Answer 55

david downes stan cohen

Question 56

david downes concluded from his fieldwork of observing youths in london east end that working class lads were NOT FRUSTRATED in accomplishgin middle class values of status and upward mobility because of WHAT?

Answer 56

they didnt share these values to begin with - THEY WERE DISSASOCIATED from these values

Question 57

what did david downs state that working class lads that were dissociated from middle class value inherited and sought to reproduce instead

Answer 57

rival working class values of their PARENTS and other generations before who valued endeavour in LABOURING employment due to structrual inequalities

Question 58

what social groups were british working classs lads cohering around

Answer 58

looser-knit social groups cohering around diverse fashion and music scences

Question 59

what did sociologists in new deviancy conference and centre for contemporary cultural studies shift analyticla focus awayfrom explanations of offending behaviour to understanding what?

Answer 59

the labelling of subcultures as deviant or criminal in youth unemployment

Question 60

what were actual dynamics of criminal collaboration in british cities that NDC and CCS were more interested in explaining? rahter than explinaing what?

Answer 60

more interested in explaining the social and political reaction to deviance RATHER than explaining deviance itself

Question 61

what did the intesnifiation of turf wars over control of crack cocaine also see an exponential rise in

Answer 61

fire arm related violence and fatalities amongst BAME and innocent bystanders/ neighbourhood residents caught in cross-fire between rival gangs competing for market share

Question 62

what does the ecology of fear and violence associated with the drug trade can be seen as an artefact of .... what policig did this lead to

Answer 62

...the fearful social reaction to the percieved threats posed by young working class males from certain, criminalised ethnictiiess involved in trading narcotics - leading to more aggressive targeted policing

Question 63

political economy of criminal collaborations analytical focus expanded to include BOTH CF FSR

Answer 63

both - CASUAL FACTORS FEARFUL SOCIAL REACTIONS

Question 64

what did william julisu wilson use to investigate young males with limited institutional support

Answer 64

intensive qualitative empirical investigations

Question 65

what did malcolm klein 1995 mean by the behavioural analysis of the formation and social reaction to gang related crime as a problem of what rather than politcal economy or ecology of fear?

Answer 65

CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Question 66

what did klien argue can be address through a rejuvenated programme of research epitomised in

Answer 66

eurogangs progrramme

Question 67

what did john pitts work reluctant gangsters explain

Answer 67

the rejuvenated interest in gangs as drivers of serious crime

Question 68

what does pitts, cloward, and ohlin 1960 argue working class males get pushed into criminal gangs as a consequence of

Answer 68

blocked opportunities

Question 69

what do american city gangs evolve into

Answer 69

para-state organisations - providing for accomodation, healthcare and other needs in absence of adequate support from legitimate state

Question 70

what welfare state have american cities had

Answer 70

relatively limited welfare state apparatus

Question 71

what 3 things led to a convergence in social and economic conditions of british and american cities R EO STD

Answer 71

-reduction of welfare state appartaus - unskilled/ semi skilled employment opportuntiies in legitimate labour markets - illicit labour markets of street drug trade

Question 72

what type of choice in context of social exclusion joining gangs may be

Answer 72

a rational choice for survival in deprived urban neighbourhoods

Question 73

what contextual insight in london - what violence - what subculture

Answer 73

- chaotic violence of street worlds - on road subculture

Question 74

what contextual insight for manchester - what emergence - what prophecies

Answer 74

-emergence of formalised gangs - selfulfilling prophecies of state labelling

Question 75

what contexual insight in glasgow - L F S

Answer 75

- legend, folklore and sectarianism in constitution of criminal collaboratiosn

Question 76

what does hallsworth and young 2008 refer to gangtalk industry and tame criminolgoists as in london accepeted... rather than questioning....

Answer 76

gangtalk industry including tame criminologists who have uncritically accepted policy constructions of the gang problem - rather than questioning the particualr social conditions that make crminal collaborations possible

Question 77

what did hallsworth and young undertook qualitative interestives with gangsters and discovered through biographical accoutns that pathway into offending was

Answer 77

collaborations in looser networks and association with others eking out in violent ecology of the street - LIVING ON ROAD

Question 78

what are on road associates connected to

Answer 78

adult criminal enterprises or drawn from indentured labour (county lines drug trafficking)

Question 79

what 3 things are on road gangsters not recruited into formal organisations associated with american ganglife TOI ROM PR

Answer 79

- trials of initiation - rules of memberhsip - punsihment rituals

Question 80

what does ralphs et al provide an analysis of the role of authorities causing gang crimes

Answer 80

classic labelling analysis of the role of authorities in labelling group behaviour as gangsterism and those living up to the label

Question 81

what does ralphs et al offical prophesies of gang crime becme self fullfilling akin to what due to role of officals and mass media ?

Answer 81

role of offical and mass media in DEVIANCY AMPLIFICATION

Question 82

what does alistair frasers 2015 work acknowledge the continuites of what in glaswegian hardmen

Answer 82

continutites of folklore around glaswegian harmdem allied to strenght of territorial identity and neighbourhood nationalisms

Question 83

what did sectarian identity structure which provided a focal point for male working class leisure

Answer 83

the sporting and leisure scenes which provided focal point for male working class lesiure - strong and continuous influence shaping patways into criminal collaborations

Question 84

what do generalities versus context of london, manchester and glasgow suggest of general concepts of crime in america TR A E

Answer 84

too rigidi, ahistorical and ethnocentric

Question 85

to corrborate generalisations thay may aprpos malcolm kliens research identfy common patterns in crime security and jsutice but at the cost of what?

Answer 85

false universalism that precludes realistic understanding

Question 86

criminal collaborations in the uk are less what than the gang in america

Answer 86

less ahistorical and ethnocentric a concept