8.3 security in hyperconnected smart city

Question 1

what is a key issue with technologies of smart city

Answer 1

they generate security problems such as vulnerabiliites to ransomeware attacks on critical infrastructure

Question 2

what is a sociotechnical arms race

Answer 2

a competition between those exploiting technological vulnerabilities and those working to secure urban environments

Question 3

what does khannas 2016 text connectography visualise

Answer 3

the increasing urbanisation of the global population and economic power of certain megacities

Question 4

london accounts for how much GDP in uk

Answer 4

half

Question 5

tokyo-osaka region accounts for how much GDP in japan

Answer 5

4/5ths

Question 6

what is the political consequence of the economic influence of global megacities

Answer 6

megacities have accumulated enormous political power enabling them to steer the economic policies of national govs in their favour

Question 7

how might nationalists movements like brexit and maga be interpeted?

Answer 7

as populist reactions against the concentration of political and economic power among cosmpolitan megacities

Question 8

what role do global cities play in global economy according to sassen 2000?

Answer 8

they act as COMMAND CENTRES in the global economy

Question 9

what does khanna argue about the dominance of cities rather than nations?

Answer 9

cities rather than nations are most dominant and enduring social structures

Question 10

how does the concept of connectography relate to global urbanisation

Answer 10

highlights the INTERCONNECTEDNESS and growing influence of global megacities in economic and political spheres

Question 11

what does intensifiaction of communcations traffic in khannas connectography highlight?

Answer 11

increasing communcation BETWEEN not just within mega city regions

Question 12

how are mega city regions like london and tokyo osaka characterised in terms of social network analysis

Answer 12

key nodes with high IN DEGREE and OUT DEGREE measures, central to global political-economic networks

Question 13

what is the significance of high in degree and out degree measures in mega cities

Answer 13

indictates that these cities are principla recipients of incoming TRANSNATIONAL TRAFFIC and also project power outwards

Question 14

how has hyperconnectivity afffected concepts of crime and insecurity in public policy and crimnological discourse

Answer 14

made concepts like transnational organsied crime and transnational terrorism more prominent

Question 15

what fuels hyperconnectivity amongst citizens and businesses within and between city regions?

Answer 15

the WWW and disruptive digital technologies of 4th industrial revolution

Question 16

what are smart cities in context of current commercial and public policy discourse on urban governance?
cities where emergent technologies create opportunties for

Answer 16

• offending
• victimisation
• surveillance
• control

Question 17

how is hyperconnectivity often portrayed in terms of its impact on citizens and businsesses for empowering mobility and opportunities for:

Answer 17

• self advancement
• economic wealth
• social progress

Question 18

what potnetial benefits of hyperconnected cities are celebrated through their potential to help urban populations and authorities adapt to pressures on:

Answer 18

• governance
• housing
• transport
• security

Question 19

what example of sociotechnical arms race is discussed in relation to smart cities

Answer 19

ongoing battle between organisers and preventers of crime and other threats to urban security

Question 20

what do edwards and calaresu argue about the concept of the smart city

Answer 20

• it is PRIVILEGED in commercial attempts to PROMOTE technological solutions to urban governance problems
• with NEGLIGIBLE REFLEXIVITY about potnetial vulnerabilities these solutions might create

Question 21

what might be reason for limited consideration of security implications in offical and commercial narratives of smart cities?

Answer 21

potnetial coincidence of interests bewteen tech companies and munciapl adminsistrations

Question 22

what do other contributions to special issue of city, territory and architecture explore?

Answer 22

explore secuirity issues raised by smart cities throuhg case studies of POSITIVE SECURITY in EINDHOVEN and emergent technlogies on drug trade

Question 23

what is an example of a case study disucssed in speical about issue about smart cities

Answer 23

POSITIVE SECURITY in dutch city of EINDHOVEN

Question 24

what illict market is mentioned as being impacted by emeregnt technologies in smart cities

Answer 24

the drug trade

Question 25

examples of critical infrastructre

Answer 25

- wanna cry ransomware attack - dallas city ransomware attack

Question 26

what date was wanna cry ransom ware attack

Answer 26

may 2017

Question 27

what date was dallas city ransomware attack

Answer 27

may 2023

Question 28

3 examples of property and personal crime

Answer 28

- hacking of smart homes through IOT - smart devices and doemstic abuse - youtube gang rivarly scoreboard

Question 29

illict drug markets can be understood as what?

Answer 29

socio technical arms races

Question 30

what is the sociotechnical arms race for illict drug markets

Answer 30

- human relations and technological innovations are used by organisers and preventors of serious crimes to outwit one another

Question 31

what remains a moot point for how smart technology could respond to organisation of more serious crimes such as trade in class A narcotics

Answer 31

enhanced PASTORAL CARE and POSITIVE SECURITY

Question 32

what groundbreakin ethnographic study is significant in undertsanding impact of emergent technplogies on illicit drug trade

Answer 32

mark berrys 2018 ethnographic study

Question 33

what does mark berrys work emphasise about smart cities

Answer 33

smart cities are SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS which shape and are shaped by human relations in often unpredictable ways

Question 34

how are illict drug markets shaped in smart cities

Answer 34

interaction of online and offline communciatons

Question 35

what are burners in context of illict drug trade

Answer 35

disposable mobile phones used to extend supply of illict drugs while insulating adult organsiers from law enforcement

Question 36

what strategy do drug taffickers use to insulate themselves from wire taps

Answer 36

untraceable burners and groom adolescents to transport drugs

Question 37

what term described the strategy of extending drug supply lines from urban areas to provincial towns and villages

Answer 37

county lines

Question 38

how do adult organisers of illicit drug trade use adolescents in the trade

Answer 38

by grooming and enslaving them to transport drugs to reduce the risk of being caught themelves

Question 39

how are online forums on the dark net used in illict drug trade

Answer 39

to arrange drug suppliers delivered through postal and courier services

Question 40

what did berrys ethnographic interviews reveal about use of online communcations in distraction crimes

Answer 40

criminals use fake or dummy job discussions online to distract law enforcement from other offences

Question 41

what is the concept of sociotechnical arms race in context of serious crimes

Answer 41

ongoing battle between organisers of crimes and those preventing them fueled by technlogical innovations

Question 42

what concept does mike davis discuss in his 1998 work

Answer 42

ecology of fear

Question 43

what type of strategies does schuilenburg and peeters 2018 characterise innovation in duthc cities like eindenhoven as

Answer 43

positive security strategies as a form of pastoral power

Question 44

what is the goal of the de-escalate project in eindhoven NTE district

Answer 44

to cultivate pro-social convival behaviour RATHER than ant-social and antagnositic conduct

Question 45

what techniques are used in the de-escalate project to alter mood and behaviour in public spaces

Answer 45

manipulating lighting, piped music and other aspects of environment

Question 46

how do schueilenburg and peeters describe the de-escalation project approach to urban security

Answer 46

it is PASTORAL - seeking to secuiritise public spaces through behavioural manipulation and inclusion RATHER than surveillance and exclusion

Question 47

what does concept of pastoral power aim to achieve in the context of urban secuiryt

Answer 47

to manage mood and behaviour in public spaces to make them pleasant for all rather than exclude people

Question 48

how does smart city architecture contribute to de-escalte project

Answer 48

by using light, smell, sound design to manage mood and behaviour in public areas

Question 49

what criticms might advocates of social justice have towards positive security strategies like the de-escalate project

Answer 49

- could be seeen as form of REPRESSIVE tolerance

Question 50

pastoral power works to manage what risks of crime

Answer 50

situational risks of crime

Question 51

what is the central idea regarding disruptive digital technologies in smart cities?

Answer 51

emergent technologies are disruptive as they render existing ways of doing things REDUNDANT, impacting established justice and risk management responses to urban crime and insecurity

Question 52

how have emergent technologies disrupted licit enterprises

Answer 52

by rendering business models of traditional enterprises, like high street record shops, obsolete through the shift to online purchases and streaming services

Question 53

how has illict drugs trade been transformed by emergent technologies according to berry?

Answer 53

mobile internet has facilitated the ease with which criminal justice responses can be distracted and circumvented

Question 54

what is a historic example of technology developed for security being used for illict advantage

Answer 54

use of wire-tapping by criminal enterprises for counter-surveillance of law enforcement

Question 55

what are 3 emergent technologies discussed in edwards (2016) thought experiment on security futures (by mckinsey and company 2013) A 3D A

Answer 55

- automation of knowledge work - 3d printing - autonomous vehicles

Question 56

how does automation of knowledge work impact security

Answer 56

it enhances the indication and possible prediction of tension and civil unrest, but also raises concerns about authoritarian targeting of legitimate demonstrations

Question 57

what is significant concern regarding 3d printing and urban security

Answer 57

potential production of firearms and ammunition, though the greater threat is likely in counterfeit goods and highquality fake luxury items

Question 58

how are autononmous vehciles used in law enforcement

Answer 58

unmanned airborne vehicles or drones are used for unmanned surveillance and crime prevention, espeically in high risk environments

Question 59

what challenge do emergent technologies pose to conventional justice and risk management

Answer 59

they distribute the power to govern security across mutliple centers of governance, beyond traditional state control

Question 60

what must urban security strateges do in response to the sociotechnical arms race

Answer 60

must adapt to acknowledge the limits placed on conventional criminal law enforcement by hyperconnected cities

Question 61

what is an example of protestors circumventing surveillant algorithims

Answer 61

posting screen captures of social media messages instead of actual text to avoid detection by algorithims used by repressive regimes

Question 62

how might the weaponisation of drones impact urban security

Answer 62

it could enhance political violence and pose new threats such as post-suicide bombing attacks on cities

Question 63

how do tech savvy criminal enterprises challenge state and commercial security actors

Answer 63

by using emergent technologies to distribute power and outpace conventional law enforcement stratgies

Question 64

what ethical concern arises from the deployment of smart security technologies

Answer 64

the potential for these technologies to be used in ways that suppress legitimate political protests and civil liberties