11 intro to liver and associated organs

Question 1

Where is the liver?

Answer 1

Located in the upper right hand part of the abdomen

Question 2

How many lobes does the liver have?

Answer 2

4

Question 3

What are the 3 main functions of the liver?

Answer 3

• Metabolism of carbs, lipids, proteins
• secretory and excretory functions (mainly to do with bile and detox functions)
• vascular functions (lymph, phagocyte system)

Question 4

What are the functional cell of the liver?

Answer 4

Hepatocytes

Question 5

What is the normal plasma glucose concentration in animals?

Answer 5

4mmol

Question 6

How does the liver maintain blood glucose?

Answer 6

Via glycogenolysis, glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis

Question 7

What is glycogenesis?

Answer 7

When excess glucose is taken up by the liver and stored as glycogen

Question 8

What is glycogenolysis?

Answer 8

When blood glucose levels decline and there is depolymerisation of glycogen to glucose

Question 9

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 9

When hepatic glycogen reserves are depleted and glucose is synthesised from amino acids and non-hexose carboyhdrates

Question 10

How does the liver provide energy for other body functions?

Answer 10

From the oxidation of fatty acids

Question 11

What synthesises non-essential amino acids?

Answer 11

The liver

Question 12

Describe deamination of amino acids

Answer 12

They are first converted into ammonia then urea which is then excreted from the body by kidneys

Question 13

What is transamination?

Answer 13

When the amine group can be transferred to make new amino acids

Question 14

What proteins does the liver not synthesise?

Answer 14

Immunoglobulins

Question 15

What does albumin do?

Answer 15

Determine plasma oncotic pressure

Question 16

What are globulins?

Answer 16

Transport proteins

Question 17

What does trypsin do?

Answer 17

Cleave other acids

Question 18

Where does the liver get the majority of its blood from?

Answer 18

The hepatic portal vein

Question 19

What are small water soluble catabolites excreted by?

Answer 19

The kidneys

Question 20

What are larger water-soluble catabolites, molecules bound to proteins.

Answer 20

molecules bound to proteins

Question 21

Describe the function of the transporters on hepatocytes

Answer 21

They remove substances from the blood

Question 22

What does bile contain?

Answer 22

Water

Question 23

What are the 2 functions of bile?

Answer 23

Digestion and absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins and the secretion of waste products

Question 24

How are bile acids synthesised?

Answer 24

In hepatocytes from cholesterol

Question 25

Describe conjugated bile acids/ salts

Answer 25

They are conjugate with glycine or taurine and are amphiphatic (hydrophilic and phobic)

Question 26

Describe the role of bile in digestion

Answer 26

Emulsification of lipid aggregates into droplets for lipases to act on and solubilisation and transport of lipids in aqueous environments by forming micelles

Question 27

Describe the excretion of bilirubin

Answer 27

RBCs are phagocytose and harm is converted to bilirubin which is absorbed by hepatocytes and conjugated with glucuronic acid or sulfonate and secreted into bile and metabolised by bacteria in the intestine for elimination in faeces

Question 28

Where do digestive secretions from the liver and pancreas go?

Answer 28

Into the small intestine through the sphincter of Oddi

Question 29

What are acini?

Answer 29

Cells that synthesise and secrete digestive enzymes which are arranged in clusters

Question 30

Where do digestive enzymes get delivered to?

Answer 30

The duodenum

Question 31

What are the 2 main secretions of exocrine pancreas?

Answer 31

Digestive enzymes from exocrine acing cells and bicarbonate from epithelial cells in pancreatic ducts

Question 32

What do digestive enzymes do?

Answer 32

Reduce all digestible macromolecules into forms that can be absorbed.

Question 33

What does bicarbonate do?

Answer 33

Neutralise the acid coming into the small intestine from the stomach

Question 34

What do carboxypeptidases do?

Answer 34

Split off terminal amino acid from carboxyl end of protein

Question 35

What does amylase do?

Answer 35

Split polysaccharides into glucose and maltose

Question 36

What 3 hormones stimulate secretion?

Answer 36

Cholecystokinin

Question 37

Describe release and action of CCK

Answer 37

From enteric endocrine cells in duodenum

Question 38

Describe release and action of secretin

Answer 38

From endocrine cells in epithelium of proximal small intestine. Stimulates ducts cells to secrete water and bicarbonate

Question 39

Describe release and action of gastrin

Answer 39

Secreted by stomach and stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to secrete enzymes

Question 40

Describe the effect of sympathetic fibres on pancreas

Answer 40

Inhibitory effect

Question 41

What are the 4 main cell types in Islets of Langerhans

Answer 41

Alpha cells

Question 42

What do alpha cells secrete?

Answer 42

Glucagon

Question 43

What do beta cells secrete?

Answer 43

Insulin

Question 44

What do delta cells secrete?

Answer 44

Somatostatin to stop alpha and beta cells

Question 45

What do gamma cells secrete?

Answer 45

Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 46

What is the gallbladder?

Answer 46

A pear shaped muscular organ for the storage

Question 47

What is the fungus?

Answer 47

The rounded end of the gallbladder

Question 48

What is the body?

Answer 48

The largest part of the gallbladder

Question 49

What is the neck?

Answer 49

The gallbladder tapers to become continuous with the cystic duct leading to the biliary tree

Question 50

What is the common bile duct?

Answer 50

Joins the pancreatic duct into the duodenum

Question 51

What is the sphincter of Oddi?

Answer 51

A muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) into the duodenum

Question 52

What are the 3 layers of the gallbladder wall?

Answer 52

Mucosa

Question 53

What does the vagus nerve deliver?

Answer 53

PS innervation

Question 54

What does the celiac plexus carry?

Answer 54

Sympathetic and sensory fibres

Question 55

Why is bile secreted?

Answer 55

In response to contraction of gallbladder and relaxation of sphincter of Oddi

Question 56

What does PS innervation do to gallbladder?

Answer 56

Induces contraction and secretion of bile

Question 57

What are pigment stones made of?

Answer 57

Bilirubin

Question 58

Describe cholesterol stones

Answer 58

Yellow/green

Question 59

Name the liver's innate immunity involvement

Answer 59

- Production of acute phase proteins - non specific phagocytosis - non specific cell killing - disposal of waste molecules

Question 60

Name the liver's adaptive immunity involvement

Answer 60

Deletion of activated T cells